1. INTRO TO ROOFING and PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Timber Framing Code.
INTRO TO ROOFING and PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS

2. Previously. We looked at the subject in general
Discussed assessment criteria
Section 1. Scope & General
Section 2. Terminology & definitions.
Section 7. Roof Framing

3. Flowchart
It is recommended that design starts at the roof and works down to the foundation.
Although the flowchart on page 17 tells us to-
Determine wind classification.
Consider the bracing and tie-down details.
We will leave wind classification to the structures teachers
Consider bracing details after roof and wall design.

4. Revision Quiz
1.   AS 1684 specifies the requirements for building practices for what classes of building?

5. 2.  List 5 limitations on building design using AS 1684

6. 4. Why is it necessary to determine
4.   Why is it necessary to determine the wind classification of a site prior to using AS 1684 to select section sizes of members?

7. 5.   A site may be classified as N1, N2, N3, N4, C1, C2, C3 or C4.
a.   What do the letters N and C indicate?
 b. True or false : The higher the number the greater the wind risk

8. 6.   What are racking forces and how are they resisted?

9. 7.   How are overturning forces resisted?

10. 10. The amount of ‘bearing’ of a member is…….?

11. 11. What is stress grading and how is it achieved?

12. Let’s start.
Remember- throughout this module we will consider Coupled roofs
With single row of underpurlin.
Without ridge struts

13. Roof (and ceiling) Members
Ceiling joists
Hanging beams
Counter beams
Strutting beams
Combined strutting/hanging beams
Combined counter/hanging beams
Underpurlin

14. Roof Members cont’d
Rafters
Hips
Ridges
Valleys

15. Calculations
If you look at the supplement tables you see that you need to determine
Spacing of members
Spans- single or continuous
Ceiling load widths CLW
Roof area supported
Roof load widths RLW
Rafter span
Rafter overhang

16. Calculations
Spacing of members such as ceiling joists are measured centre to centre or “in to over"

17. Member sizes Remember: The flow chart dictates that we first-
Determine the wind classification
Consider position and extent of wind bracing and tie downs
Let us assume-
That wind classification for all our exercises is N3
There is sufficient room for bracing and tie-downs

18. Preliminary calculations
Some calculations are required before we have sufficient data to use the span tables

19. Preliminary calculations
You MUST have a scientific calculator.
You only need to be able to do very basic trigonometry.
You must be able to use Pythagoras theorem.
You need to be able to perform basic algebra

20. Preliminary calculations
What do we mean by the term ‘true length of rafter’?
We need to be able to calculate the true length of the rafter so that we can determine such things as-
The span of the common rafter
RLW
Rafter overhangs
Areas supported

21. Trigonometry
Comes from the Greek words ‘Trigon’ meaning triangle and ‘metre’ meaning to measure.
Trigonometry is based on right angled (900 ) triangles.
It involves finding an unknown length or angle, given that we know a length or an angle or various combination of known and unknown data.
We will also use the “Pythagoras” theorem

22. Trig ratios The 3 basic trig ratios are Sine (sin) Cosine (cos)
Tangent (tan)

23. Trigonometry
The ratios are related to parts of the right angled triangle
The ‘Hypotenuse’ is always the longest side and is opposite the right angle.
The other two sides are either the ‘opposite’ or the ‘adjacent’ depending on which angle is being considered.

24. Trigonometry Sin =opposite ÷ hypotenuse Cos = adjacent ÷ hypotenuse
Tan = opposite ÷ adjacent OR
S= O÷H
C= A÷H
T= O÷A

25. Trigonometry Some Old Hounds Can’t Always Hide Their Old Age
Some students remember this by
forming the words-
SOH CAH TOA
Or by remembering
Some Old Hounds
Can’t Always Hide
Their Old Age

26. The Pythagoras theorem
The square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other two sides.
Or A2 = b2 + c2

27. Roofing calculations. If we know the roof pitch.
And the run of the rafter.
We will use the term RUN of rafter rather than half span.
We can use trigonometry and Pythagoras to find the true length of the rafter
And it’s overhang.

28. True length of the common Rafter
Centre of ridge
Outside edge of top plate
Rafter length
underpurlin
Rise of roof
overhang
Run of rafter

29. NOTE! We are not calculating an ordering length.
We require the length from ridge to birdsmouth.
You may know this as the set out length
We need to find the Eaves overhang separately

30. Problem Calculate the true length of the rafter Pitch is 270
Run of rafter is 4000

31. Example: Method 1. (using Tan)
Trade students may be more comfortable with this method
Find the Rise per metre of C.Raft
Find the True length per metre of C.Raft
Multiply TLPM x Run= True length of rafter.

32. Method 1. (using Tan) Rise per metre run = Tan 270 = 0.5095 = 0.510
T.L. per metre CR = √ R2 + 12
= √
= √ 1.260
= 1.122m
T.L.C.R. = T.L per metre X run
= 1.122x 4.0
= 4.489m

33. Method 2. Using Cosine (Cos)
Pitch is 270
The run is 4.0m
Cos = adjacent ÷ hypotenuse
= run ÷ rafter length
Rafter length = run ÷ cos 270
= 4.0 ÷
= 4.489m

34. Exercises
Calculate the following rafter lengths. (choose either method)
Pitch 370 , Run 3.750m
4.696m
Pitch 230 , Run 4.670m
5.073m
Pitch , Run 2.550m
2.705m

35. True length of eaves overhang.
Firstly you must be aware of the difference between eave width and eaves overhang.
For a brick veneer building with an eaves width of 450mm; the actual width to the timber frame is mm for brick and cavity = 600mm

37. True length of eaves overhang.
The true length of the eaves overhang is the measurement ‘on the rake’ from the ‘x y’ line to the back of the fascia along the top edge of the rafter.
It can be calculated the same way you calculate you calculated the rafter length

38. True length of the common Rafter
Centre of ridge
Outside edge of top plate
Rafter length
underpurlin
Rise of roof
overhang
Run of rafter

39. Student exercises 2.
Calculate the true length of eaves overhang for each of the following (all brick veneer)
Pitch 270, eaves width 450mm
.673m
Pitch 370 , eaves width 500mm
.814m
Pitch 230 , eaves width 480mm
.684m

40. Span of the common rafter.
The ‘Span of the rafter’ is the actual distance on the rake between points of support.

41. Span of the common Rafter
Centre of underpurlin
span
Outside edge of top plate
span
overhang

42. Span of the common rafter.
Span of rafter is the true length of the rafter divided by 2
That is:- from our previous example
= ÷ 2
= m

43. Student exercises 3.
Calculate the span of the common rafter for the 3 roof pitches from previous exercise.

44. Exercises (calculate span)
Pitch 370 , Run 3.750m
4.696m / 2 = 2.348m
Pitch 230 , Run 4.670m
5.073m / 2 = 2.537m
Pitch , Run 2.550m
2.705m / 2 = 1.353m

45. Fan struts
We can make more economical use of underpurlin by using fan struts.
The fan strut does not increase the allowable span of the underpurlin.
It enables the points of support (walls or strutting beams) to be further apart

46. Fan struts
To estimate the spread of the fan strut we make 3 assumptions
The underpurlin is in the centre of the rafter length.
The plane of the fan strut is fixed perpendicular to the rafter.
The fans are at 450

52. Fan Struts

53. Fan struts (use Tan) The formula is- ½ spread of the fan struts=
Span of rafter x tan angle of pitch
For our previous example
= x (tan 27 deg.)
= 1.142m

54. Fan struts
Therefore distance apart of strutting points for a given u/purlin can be increased by 1.142m using a fan strut at one end of the underpurlin span.
Distance apart of strutting points can be increased by 2.284m using a fan strut at both ends of the underpurlin span.

55. Supplement Tables
Once the preliminary calculations have been done we can start to use the span tables in the supplement
But which supplement????

56. Using supplement tables
Firstly you must choose the correct supplement (see page 3 of the standard)
Depends on wind classification, stress grade and species of timber
Then choose the applicable table within the supplement (see list of tables page 3 of the supplement)

57. Class Exercise - N3 wind classification Using MGP 15 seasoned softwood
Single storey building
Tile roof
Roof load width 3.000m
Rafter spacing 600mm
Select a lintel size to span 2100m

58. Class Exercise-
Which supplement? 6
Which table? 18

60. Class Exercise- Choose one of these 2/120x45 ? 2/140x35 170x35 ?
Which one is the smallest cross section?
But is this section commercially available?

61. Class Exercise-
Notice that in the last exercise the RLW, Rafter spacing and required span of lintel were all values included in the table.
What if the RLW is 3300 or the rafters are spaced at 500mm or the lintel needs to span 2.250m?
WE need to INTERPOLATE

62. Interpolation
Simply put, to interpolate is ‘To estimate a value between known values’.
It is not possible to show every span or spacing related to member sizes.
Convenient regular increments are used.
Linear interpolation is allowed for calculation of intermediate values.

63. Cross multiplication Before we start doing interpolation calcs.
You need to be conversant with a mathematical procedure called cross multiplication.

64. Cross multiplication In an “equation” such as A = C B D
we can cross multiply so that
A x D = B x C
Same as the ration A:B::C:D

65. Class Exercise If RLW is now 3.300 Rafters still at 600
Required span 2.100
We need to interpolate between two columns to find the most economical section size.

66. Class Exercise
Run your fingers down the 3000m column and the 4500m column for 600 spacing.
We can tell that 2/140x35 will probably span.

68. Class Exercise
RLW RLW RLW ?

69. Class Exercise
RLW RLW RLW

70. Class exercise Using Table 18 of supplement 6
Interpolate to find the maximum allowable span for a 290x45 lintel
RLW 5300
Spacing of rafters 1200mm

71. Class Exercise
RLW RLW RLW ?

72. Class Exercise
RLW RLW RLW

73. Next week
We will start work on selecting suitable roofing members from a given plan and specification