1. SCATTER workshop, Milan, 24 October 2003 Testing selected solutions to control urban sprawl The Brussels case city

2. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 2 The Brussels case study Brussels metropolitan area : About 2.7 millions inhabitants About 1.2 millions jobs Brussels-Capital Region : About 1 million inhabitants Lost 120 000 inhabitants in 30 years About 650 000 jobs

3. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 3 Brussels Metropolitan area : 2.7 millions inhabitants – 1.2 million jobs Brussels-Capital Region : 1 million inhabitants – 650 000 jobs

4. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 4 The RER project High quality, rapid and frequent train services within a radius of 30 km around the centre of Brussels Also serving the Brussels-Capital Region Investment cost : about 900 millions Risk : re-launch of urban sprawl Short run impact on mobility : strong modal shift towards PT,shorter road travel times; strong reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions Long run impact on spatial structure : risk of re-launch of urban sprawl; increased land consumption; longer trips; rising of the fuel consumption; road congestion springing up again within the next 20 years Necessity to implement accompanying measures

5. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 5 Short run impact on mobility : strong modal shift towards PT Long run impact on spatial structure : risk of re-launch of urban sprawl

6. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 6 Objectives of the accompanying measures Reinforce the modal shift from private car towards public transport Counterbalance the long run negative effect of the RER which incites households to out-migrate towards the periphery

7. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 7 Where households and companies do locate, according to : – accessibilities – real estate market prices – regulations – land taxes Which mode, which path do the users use, according to : – transport networks – and their quality of service Travel times and costs between locations LU modelTR model Transport demand : persons and goods flows from one point to another Integrated land use/transport modelling

8. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 8 Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (1/5) Increase of car use cost : Increase of the cost per km (+ 50 %) Increase applied only to drivers using a company car (+100 %) Cordon pricing (7.5 /day) Parking restriction : Restriction of parking capacity alone Capacity restriction + pricing Test of spatially different implementations of the policy

9. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 9 Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (2/5) HOV dedicated lanes on 5 radial motorways Regional express buses on radial highways (19 lines) – dedicated lanes In both cases : together with reduction of capacity for (single occupancy) private cars Increase of the commercial speed of public transport In the Brussels-capital Region In periphery (local buses driving users to the RER stations)

10. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 10 Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (3/5) Implementation of park & ride facilities Improving intermodality at railway stations (decrease of access time) Alternative operating scheme for the RER Changes in the fares of public transport (-20 %, +20 %)

11. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 11

12. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 12 Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (4/5) Improvement of quality of life in residential neighbourhoods in the inner city within the Brussels- Capital Region (5 communes) Corollary of the previous policy : implementation of a hierarchy in the road network of the Brussels-Capital Region reduction of network capacity (by 15 %)

13. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 13 Simulated accompanying measures to the RER (5/5) Territorial fiscal measures applied to households/residential developments : Fiscal incentive (annual tax reduction) in urban areas + annual tax in suburban/rural areas Territorial fiscal measures and regulatory measures applied to companies : Inspired from the ABC theory Applied to the sector services to business

14. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 14 Two stages of simulation and evaluation First stage : Simulation of individual measures Second stage : Combination of measures : Combination of priority measures selected by the Administration = new reference scenario Combination of other measures tested on the new reference

15. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 15 Synthesis of results – Individual measures (1/3) Most effective policies – reduction of urban sprawl : Road pricing Fiscal measures related to land use Regulatory land use measure Indirect effects of land use policies : Household-targeted policies : indirect effects on employment Employment-targeted policies : indirect effects on population

16. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 16 Effect on the number of households in the Brussels-Capital Region

17. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 17 Effect on the number of households in the urban areas

18. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 18

19. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 19

20. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 20 Effect on the number of jobs in the Brussels-Capital Region

21. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 21 Effect on the number of jobs in the urban areas

22. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 22 Synthesis of results – Individual measures (2/3) All policies decreasing the generalised transport cost incite to urban sprawl : Improvement of PT commercial speed Reduction of PT fare Decrease of access time to rail stations Decrease of the generalised transport cost limited to the central area makes it more attractive : See the results of the policy improving the PT commercial speed within the Brussels-Capital Region

23. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 23 Synthesis of results – Individual measures (3/3) Most effective policies – environmental impacts : Road pricing Parking pricing + parking capacity restriction Express buses Road pricing : Increase of cost per km / cordon pricing Parking policy : Local negative effect on employment Hence : spatial competition to be carefully considered when implementing such a policy

24. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 24 Effect on the vehicle-km by car

25. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 25 Criteria for the design of packages Criteria chosen in order to express the objectives : Minimise the car mileage (proxy for the fuel consumption) Maximise the urban concentration i.e. the part of households and employment located in urban areas, including the Brussels-Capital Region and the peripheral urban centres

26. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 26 Selected policy package Components of the selected package : Increase of car cost per km (+ 50 %) congestion pricing : increase of car use cost during the peak hours in the RER area Decrease of PT fare for trips to work place (- 20 %) Fiscal measure on residential developments impact fee on new residential site developments fiscal reduction in urban areas Fiscal measure on services to business annual impact fee per employee when located in areas poorly served by public transport

27. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 27 Effect on the number of households in the urban areas

28. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 28 Effect on the number of jobs in the urban areas

29. SCATTER workshop, 24 October 2003 29 Effect on the vehicle-km by car