Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Microbes in the environment F2, p. 304. Microbes in ecosystems F.2.1, p. 304.

Published byDiana Newman Modified over 10 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Microbes in the environment F2, p. 304. Microbes in ecosystems F.2.1, p. 304."— Presentation transcript:

1 Microbes in the environment F2, p. 304

2 Microbes in ecosystems F.2.1, p. 304

3 Did you know? Just one gram of soil contains 5000 to 7000 different species of bacteria. –http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about- the-soil.html

4 Good news! You only have to know 5!

5 Bacteria Play several major roles in different nutrient cycles –Both in land and in water Involved in P, S, C and N cycles

6 Decomposing Bacteria break down dead organisms Nutrients released –Nutrients return to the environment

7 Producers Use raw energy (Ex: sunlight) to create organic molecules and nutrients –Used by bacteria and other organisms Includes: –Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) –Chemosynthetic bacteria (in the nitrogen cycle)

8 Nitrogen cycle F.2.2, p. 304

9 Fig. 55-14c Decomposers N 2 in atmosphere Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Assimilation NH 3 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 + – – Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

10 Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen moves through the environment Major reserves are: –Atmosphere –Living things Nitrogen must go through chemical reactions during the cycle

11 Nitrogen Comes in two forms: –Pure element, N 2 (gas) –Fixed (as part of a compound)

12 Atmospheric nitrogen N 2, gas Three covalent bonds between the atoms –Very difficult to break –Not reactive –Very few organisms have the enzyme for breaking the triple bond Cant be used by organisms

13 Fixed nitrogen Nitrogen as part of a compound –Nitrite (NO 2 - ), nitrate (NO 3 - ), ammonium (NH 4 + ) NO 3 -, nitrate, is essential for all organisms –An important part of DNA and protein

14 Importance of nitrogen fixing bacteria Where do animals get nitrogen from? –Plants, amino acids, DNA Where do plants get nitrogen from? –NOT the atmosphere –Usually NO 3 -, NH 4 +, which is created by bacteria ALL organisms get fixed nitrogen from bacteria

15 Nitrogen fixation p. 304-305

16 Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen is fixed by: –Lightening –Manufacturing –Microbes

17 Lightening High temperatures cause N 2 and O 2 to combine A series of reactions creates NO 3 - P. 304

18 Haber process N 2 and H 2 reacted at high pressure and temperature NH 3 (ammonia) produced Used to manufacture plant fertilizer –Mixed with the soil for plant nutrition

19 Microbes fixing nitrogen Two examples: –Azotobacter Free-living –Rhizobium Live in plant root nodules

20 Root nodules Mutualistic relationship –The plant gets fixed nitrogen –The bacteria get an anaerobic environment

21 Microbial nitrogen fixation N 2 --> NH 3 Requires ATP Azobacter (free living) and Rhizobium (Root nodules) fix nitrogen –Have nitrogenase, the enzyme that fixes N –Breaks the strong N 2 triple bond to produce NH 3

22 Fig. 55-14c Decomposers N 2 in atmosphere Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Assimilation NH 3 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 + – – Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

23 Nitrification and denitrification F.2.4, p. 305

24 Nitrification Two steps: –NH 3 --> NO 2 - –Ammonia --> Nitrite Nitrosomonas bacteria –NO 2 - --> NO 3 - –Nitrite --> Nitrate Nitrobacter bacteria Releases energy Occurs quickly

25 Fig. 55-14c Decomposers N 2 in atmosphere Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Assimilation NH 3 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 + – – Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

26 NO 3 - uses NO 3 - assimilated by plants –Pumped into root hairs by active transport Passed on to animals/heterotrophs through the food chain Used for amino acids/proteins and DNA

27 Denitrification NO 3 - --> N 2 + H 2 O Example: Pseudomonas denitrificans Anaerobic respiration –NO 3 - is the electron receptor instead of O 2 Anaerobic soils encourage denitrification –Bad drainage/flooding causes –Denitrification exacerbates the problem

28 Fig. 55-14c Decomposers N 2 in atmosphere Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Assimilation NH 3 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 + – – Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

29 Ammonification Also called putrification –Organic matter (feces and dead organisms) are decomposed by bacteria The nitrogen in the organisms is converted into ammonia (NH 3 ) –The NH 3 then goes through nitrification

30 Fig. 55-14c Decomposers N 2 in atmosphere Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Assimilation NH 3 NH 4 NO 2 NO 3 + – – Ammonification Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

31 Nitrogen Cycle

32 Name each process: Name the bacteria carrying out each process

33 Sewage and fertilizer waste F.2.5, p. 305

34 Sewage Household - Feces, kitchen waste Industrial - chemicals, heavy metals Farm - fertilizers All cause water pollution –Radically change the aquatic environment

35 Downstream pollution Graph on p. 306

36 Downstream pollution Table on p. 306

37 Steps for contamination 1.Waste discharged, eutricifation 2.Algea bloom, then die off 3.Decomposers break down dead algae and use up oxygen. Oxygen levels decrease. 4.Extreme cases: Oxygen levels are too low and fish/aquatic life is killed (hypoxic zone) 5.Dead organisms are broken down, using oxygen and creating a high concentration of nutrients (eutrification) 6.Extreme cases: nutrients cause another algae bloom, cycle repeats

38 BOD Biochemical oxygen demand The level of oxygen in a water sample is recorded over 5 days Less oxygen = More O 2 demand (BOD) = more microbes = more contamination –The contamination feeds the microbes –The microbes demand oxygen

39 BOD levels If BOD is too high, fish and other organisms might die –Not enough O2 in the water –oxygen sag Caused by decomposing bacteria –Use up O2

40 Oxygen Sag

41 Stopping the cycle When the pollutants are broken down and diluted enough, the river can recover –Several kilometers from source of pollution Key: improving oxygen levels, avoiding fish kills

42 Sewage treatment F.2.6, p. 307/145

43 Treating raw sewage Bacteria are used to treat harmful/polluting substances Two kinds: –Trickle filter bed p. 145 SG –Reed bed. 145 SG

44 Biofuels F.2.7, p. 308

45 Gasohol Gasoline + ethanol Ethanol comes from yeasts digesting sugar –Sugar from sugar can/sugar beets

46 Fig. 27-22c (c)

47 Biomass Some microbes convert biomass to fuel –Biomass = Total mass of the living material in an area, minus water –Measured in kg/m 2 –Usually refers to plants

48 Biogas Bacterial fermentation Biomass --> CH 4, methane, natural gas Several species of bacteria used together

49 Methanognesis F.2.8, p. 308

50 Acetogenesis Aerobic bacteria break down waste into lipids, proteins, fats Oxygen used up Acetogenic bacteria (anaerobic) produce acetate

51 METHANOGENESIS Acetate converted into CH 4 Uses methanogens (archaea) –Obligate anaerobes –Occurs in a sealed tub

52 Advertisements In groups, create illustrated advertisements for the following products: 1.Trickle-filter bed 2.Reed-filter bed 3.Gasohol 4.Biogas/CH 4

53 Advertisements: Include the following Target audience/demographic A diagram of the process and equipment Important reaction equations involved The bacteria involved in each process –Include specific environment conditions (ex: anaerobic tank) The benefits of the product/process

Download ppt "Microbes in the environment F2, p. 304. Microbes in ecosystems F.2.1, p. 304."

Similar presentations

ROLE OF MICROBES IN ECOSYSTEMS. DECOMPOSERS BREAKDOWN DEAD ORGANISMS RELEASES NUTRIENTS TO RE-ENTER ENVIRONMENT Nitrogen & carbon cycles.

ROLE OF MICROBES IN ECOSYSTEMS. DECOMPOSERS BREAKDOWN DEAD ORGANISMS RELEASES NUTRIENTS TO RE-ENTER ENVIRONMENT Nitrogen & carbon cycles.
Option F: Microbes and Biotechnology F.2 Microbes and the Environment.

Option F: Microbes and Biotechnology F.2 Microbes and the Environment.
Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen fixation is one process by which molecular nitrogen is reduced to form ammonia. Ammonification: The chemical transformation.

Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen fixation is one process by which molecular nitrogen is reduced to form ammonia. Ammonification: The chemical transformation.
What is the Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen- containing compounds.

What is the Nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen- containing compounds.
F2- Microbes and the Environment Matt Oda Tia Rosehill Ross Tanaka.

F2- Microbes and the Environment Matt Oda Tia Rosehill Ross Tanaka.
What is Nitrogen?  Nitrogen makes up about 78% of our atmosphere.  Nitrogen in the atmosphere it is mostly in the form of ______, which is a compound.

What is Nitrogen?  Nitrogen makes up about 78% of our atmosphere.  Nitrogen in the atmosphere it is mostly in the form of ______, which is a compound.
The nitrogen cycle. Animals can not fix N2. They get their nitrogen by eating plants or by eating something that eats plants. Nitrogen Fixation is very.

The nitrogen cycle. Animals can not fix N2. They get their nitrogen by eating plants or by eating something that eats plants. Nitrogen Fixation is very.
The Nitrogen Cycle Ch 7 Part 3.

The Nitrogen Cycle Ch 7 Part 3.
N 2 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil and nodules of plants Nitrates are made into proteins in plants NO 3 - Animals get their protein by eating Death.

N 2 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil and nodules of plants Nitrates are made into proteins in plants NO 3 - Animals get their protein by eating Death.
What are the components of the Nitrogen cycle? WILF Recall why nitrogen is needed by living organisms Describe the organisms, compounds and processes involved.

What are the components of the Nitrogen cycle? WILF Recall why nitrogen is needed by living organisms Describe the organisms, compounds and processes involved.
NITROGEN CYCLE. Where is nitrogen found in the environment.

NITROGEN CYCLE. Where is nitrogen found in the environment.
Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is the movement of nitrogen through different environmental segments.

Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle is the movement of nitrogen through different environmental segments.
Learning outcomes Describe the cycle of carbon through the ecosystem Describe how humans have affected the carbon cycle.

Learning outcomes Describe the cycle of carbon through the ecosystem Describe how humans have affected the carbon cycle.
The Nitrogen Cycle A2 OCR Biology Asking questions is a sign of INTELLIGENCE Unfortunately all questions must wait until the end of the lecture.

The Nitrogen Cycle A2 OCR Biology Asking questions is a sign of INTELLIGENCE Unfortunately all questions must wait until the end of the lecture.
The Nitrogen Cycle An essential part of proteins, DNA and other compounds needed for life…

The Nitrogen Cycle An essential part of proteins, DNA and other compounds needed for life…
NITROGEN FIXATION 3 methods. 1.LIGHTENING a. high temps cause nitrogen & oxygen to for nitrogen monoxide b. this is oxidized by oxygen to form nitrogen.

NITROGEN FIXATION 3 methods. 1.LIGHTENING a. high temps cause nitrogen & oxygen to for nitrogen monoxide b. this is oxidized by oxygen to form nitrogen.
2-3 Nitrogen Cycle.

2-3 Nitrogen Cycle.
The Nitrogen Cycle.

The Nitrogen Cycle.
Plants and nitrogen Plants need nitrogen to grow. It’s present in DNA, RNA, the amino acids that make up proteins, ATP, chlorophyll and most vitamins.

Plants and nitrogen Plants need nitrogen to grow. It’s present in DNA, RNA, the amino acids that make up proteins, ATP, chlorophyll and most vitamins.
The Nitrogen Cycle Revision. Learning Objectives To understand that the Nitrogen Cycle is composed of the following processes: To be able to use this.

The Nitrogen Cycle Revision. Learning Objectives To understand that the Nitrogen Cycle is composed of the following processes: To be able to use this.

Similar presentations

Ads by Google