1. Achieving Sustainable Design with Automated Parking
Don Monahan
Vice President
Walker Parking Consultants

2. Presentation Outline
Case study illustrating construction cost comparison for automated parking vs. a ramp-access, underground parking structure.
LEED credits for an automated parking structure vs. a ramp-access parking structure.
Building code issues with automated parking facilities.

3. Site Plan

4. Ramp-Access Design Isometric

5. Ramp-Access Design Level B1

6. Ramp-Access Design Level B2 & B3

7. Ramp-Access Design Level B4

8. Ramp-Access Design Car & Floor Area Tabulation
LEVEL
STALLS
AREA
(SQ. FT.)
EFFICIENCY
(SF/STALL) B1 75
34,150
455 B2 96
37,150
387 B3 B4 79
30,318
384
TOTAL
346
138,768
401

9. Automated Parking – Level B1
Stairs & Elevators
Retrieval Lane L1 L2 L3 L4
Waiting Area
Entry & Exit
Ramp L5 L6 L7 L8 L9
Retrieval Lane
90 High Bay Spaces

10. Automated Parking Option - Level B2/B3
These spaces may need to be sacrificed depending on how the elevators and stairs can be supported above.
Retrieval Lane
Retrieval Lane
168 Spaces Per Level

11. Automated Parking Car & Floor Area Tabulation
LEVEL
STALLS
AREA
(SQ. FT.)
EFFICIENCY
(SF/STALL) B1 90
34,150
379 B2
168
37,150
221 B3 88
19,448
TOTAL
346
90,748
262
Comments:
Added 80 stalls compared to ramp-access design (23% increase).
Eliminated an entire basement level (30,318 sf less floor area or 22% decrease).
Parking efficiency improved 36%.

12. Automated Parking Section
Required above lifts
1’ 6”
Required in retrieval aisle
System Height
Note: Depth below grade reduced by 13’-2”

13. Automated Parking Option

14. Automated Parking Capacity and Height
System
Level
Structure
Depth
Vehicle
Clearance
Total
Height
Parking
Spaces 1
3’ 0”
7’ 0”
10’ 0” 90 2 9”
6’ 8”
7’ 5”
168 3
5’ 6”
6’ 3”
4’ 6”
19’ 2”
23’ 8”
426

15. Construction Cost Comparison
Delete lowest basement level
48,020 sf X $125 per sf = $6,002,500
Automated Parking System Cost
$19,500 per space X 426 sp = $8,307,000
Net Additional Cost = $2,304,500

16. Volume Comparison Level Area SF Height FT Volume CF B1 34,150 10
Ramp-Access Garage
Automated Garage
Level
Area SF
Height FT
Volume CF B1
34,150 10
341,500 B2
37,150
371,500 B3 B4
30,318
303,180
Total
1,387,680
Level
Area SF
Height FT
Volume CF B1
34,150
10’ 0”
341,500 B2
37,150
7’ 5”
275,529 B3
19,448
6’ 3”
121,550 B4
Total
738,579
(53%)

17. Automated Parking Energy Use
Task
Low
High
Average
Loading
.0169
Storage
.1228
.4408
.2818
Retrieval
Total
.2625
.8984
.5804
Cost Per Car ¢.11 cents/kWh
¢.028
¢.098
¢.064

18. Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO2
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

19. Vehicle Emissions Comparison – NO2
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009

20. Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009

21. Vehicle Emissions Comparison - VOC
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009

22. Energy Consumption
Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,
Parking magazine, March 2009

23. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Sustainable Site
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Prereq 1
Construction Pollution Prevention 1
Credit 1
Avoid building on or near protected land
Credit 2
Two story development density
Credit 3
Remediate and build on Brownfield site
Credit 4.1
Public Transportation Access
Credit 4.2
Bicycle storage/changing rooms (5%)
Credit 4.3
Prefer. parking for fuel-efficient vehicles (5%)
Credit 4.4
Minimize capacity/preferential carpool parking
Credit 5.1
Protect or restore habitat
Credit 5.2
Maximize open space > garage footprint
Credit 6.1
Post stormwater ≤ Prior stormwater
Credit 6.2
Capture and treat stormwater
Credit 7.1
Cover 50% of parking spaces
Credit 7.2
Roofing Solar Reflectance Index ≥ 78
Credit 8
Light pollution reduction
SubTotal 14 12 11

24. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Water Efficiency
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Credit 1.1
Reduce irrigation by 50% from baseline 1
Credit 1.2
No potable water use or no irrigation for landscape
Credit 2
Reduce building sewage effluent by 50%
Credit 3.1
Reduce water use by 20% from baseline
Credit 3.2
Reduce water use by 30% from baseline
SubTotal 5 2

25. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Energy & Atmosphere
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Prereq 1
Performance verification of building energy systems 1
Prereq 2
Energy systems ≤ ASHRAE limits
Prereq 3
Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants
Credit 1
Optimize Energy Performance <<< ASHRAE 90.1 10 6
Credit 2
On-site renewable energy (i.e. solar or wind) 3
Credit 3
Enhanced commissioning of energy systems
Credit 4
Minimize ozone depletion & global warming
Credit 5
Measurement/verification plan to evaluating energy system performance
Credit 6
Green Power (35% of electricity for 2 yrs)
SubTotal 20 16

26. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Materials & Resources
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Prereq 1
Storage & collection of recyclables 1
Credit 1.1
75% existing building structure re-use
Credit 1.2
100% of existing building structure re-use
Credit 1.3
Maintain 50% of interior Non-structural elements
Credit 2.1
Recycle or salvage 50% of demolition debris
Credit 2.2
Recycle or salvage 75% of demolition debris
Credit 3.1
Re-use 5% of material value with salvaged demolition debris
Credit 3.2
Re-use 10% of material value with salvaged demolition debris
Credit 4.1
Use recycled content ≥ 10% of material value
Credit 4.2
Use recycled content ≥ 20% of material value
Credit 5.1
Manufacture 10% of materials within 500 miles
Credit 5.2
Manufacture 20% of materials within 500 miles
Credit 6
Use 10% more materials than 5.1 extracted, recovered or harvested within 500 miles
Credit 7
Certified wood ≥ 2.5% of value of all materials
SubTotal 14 6

27. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Indoor Environment
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Prereq 1
Meet ASHRAE indoor air ventilation reqmts 1
Prereq 2
Minimize environmental tobacco smoke exposure
Credit 1
Monitor ventilation system performance
Credit 2
Provide additional outdoor air ventilation
Credit 3.1
Implement indoor air quality plan during construction
Credit 3.2
Implement indoor air quality plan before occupancy
Credit 4.1
All adhesives and sealants shall comply with SCAQMD
Credit 4.2
Do not exceed VOC limits by SCAQMD for paint & coatinngs
Credit 4.3
All carpet should be Carpet & Rug Institutes green label
Credit 4.4
Wood products shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins
Credit 5
Minimize exposure to hazardous particulates & chemicals
Credit 6.1
Provide lighting system controllability by users
Credit 6.2
Provide thermal comfort controllability by users
Credit 7.1
HVAC systems & building envelope per ASHRAE
Credit 7.2
Implement a thermal comfort survey within 6 to 18 months
Credit 8.1
Provide daylight & views to 75% of occupied areas
Credit 8.2
Provide daylight & views to 90% of occupied areas
SubTotal 15 12 3

28. LEED V2.2 Analysis – Design Innovation
Item
Description
Points Avail.
Automated Garage
Ramp Garage
Credit 1.1
Low mercury lighting* 1
Credit 1.2
Management plan for car pooling/bus transit*
Credit 1.3
Hybrid Zipcar on site for employee use*
Credit 1.4
Use non-hydraulic, energy-efficient elevators*
Credit 1.x
Install snow melting system/eliminate de-icers*
Credit 2
Use LEED Accredited professional
SubTotal 6 3 4
Project Totals 69 55 42
* - Previously accepted Innovation in Design Credits

29. LEED Certification Levels
Certified points
Silver points
Gold points
Platinum points
Conventional Garage = LEED Gold
Automated Garage = LEED Platinum
Note: Stand-alone parking garages cannot be LEED certified, however, they can contribute points toward any occupied space on the same site.

30. Building Code Issues for Automated Parking Facilities
Use & Occupancy Classification
Access
Fire Protection
Ventilation

31. Use & Occupancy Classification
Group S-2 Occupancy Classification for low hazard (non-combustible) storage.
Section of International Building Code (IBC) applies to storage of motor vehicles. Doesn’t adequately address the special case of automated rack storage of automobiles in an unoccupied storage vault.
Section 413 of IBC indicates high-piled stock or rack storage in any occupancy group shall comply with Chapter 23 of the International Fire Code (IFC).
Storage of motor vehicles is classified as a Class I commodity.

32. Access
Section of IBC indicates “Where no persons other than parking attendants are permitted, there shall not be less than two 36-inch wide exit stairways”.
Chapter 23 of IFC requires a minimum of one access door in each 100 lineal feet of the exterior wall that faces the fire department access road.
24-inch wide aisles required for fire department access (i.e. ladders and catwalks).

33. Fire Protection
High piled storage area greater than 2500 sf requires automatic fire extinguishing system.
Maximum pile dimension equals 100 feet (between aisles).
Maximum storage height equals 40 feet.
Maximum pile volume equals 400,000 cubic feet.
Type of construction:
TABLE 503 (partial). ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS
Group
Type of Construction
Fire Rating
Type 1A-
Three Hour
Type 1B-
Two Hour
Type IIA-
One Hour
Type IIB-
Non-rated
S-2
Stories
Unlimited 11 5 4
Allowable Area
79,000
39,000
26,000

34. Ventilation Smoke venting at ceiling required.
No ventilation of vehicle emissions required.
Ventilation rate of 0.05 cfm per sf of floor area required (1/15 of airflow required for dispersing vehicle emissions).

35. International Parking Institute Annual Conference, Denver, CO
May 19, 2009
Summary
Automated Parking Garages provide equivalent capacity to a conventional, ramp-access garage in approximately half the volume.
Automated Parking Garages pollute far less than conventional, ramp-access garages.
Automated Parking Garages provide more LEED certification points than conventional, ramp-access garages.
Automated Parking Garages should be designed as high-piled, rack storage facilities in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of the IFC for Class I commodities.