1. Biodiversity: Who cares?

2. Which is more diverse? A B

3. A B

4. A B

5. A B

6. A B Which has more cultural diversity?

7. Which has more biodiversity? AB

8. AB

9. What do you think biodiversity means?

10. Bio = Bio diversity What does “ Bio ” mean?

11. Diversity = Variety What does “ Diversity ” mean? Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area or on Earth

12. Biodiversity 12 Variety of living things, number of kinds Variety of living things, number of kinds Ecological diversity Ecological diversity – different habitats, niches, species interactions Species diversity Species diversity – different kinds of organisms, relationships among species Genetic diversity Genetic diversity – different genes & combinations of genes within populations

13. Biodiversity How much biodiversity How much biodiversity 1.7—2.0 million species 1.7—2.0 million species Estimates to 100 million Estimates to 100 million 16 June 2010Biodiversity.ppt13

14. Essential Nutrient Cycles All life depends on essential nutrients that cycle between life and Earth. All life depends on essential nutrients that cycle between life and Earth. If there is a break in the cycle then life pays the price. If there is a break in the cycle then life pays the price.

15. Chemical Cycling Nutrient cycles involve a balance between both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem Nutrient cycles involve a balance between both abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem The most essential nutrients that life depends on are: Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus The most essential nutrients that life depends on are: Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

16. Threats to Biodiversity Things that mess up our delicate balance with Earth 1.Habitat Loss 2.Pollution 3.Exploitation 4.Global Climate Change 5.Invasive Species

17. Habitat Loss Habitat destruction Habitat destruction Logging Logging Ranching Ranching Agriculture Agriculture Houses Houses Roads Roads

20. Exploitation Over hunting Over hunting Over Fishing Over Fishing Over Using Over Using

21. Pollution Pollution occurs in the air, on the land, and in the water. Pollution occurs in the air, on the land, and in the water.

22. Biological Magnification Toxic substances become more concentrated at higher levels in the food chain. Toxic substances become more concentrated at higher levels in the food chain.

23. Ozone Depletion Pollution from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. Pollution from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere destroys the ozone layer.

24. Bioremediation Bioremediation: use of living organisms to detoxify polluted systems Bioremediation: use of living organisms to detoxify polluted systems

25. Invasive Species Non-native species that is brought into an area that takes over killing many things that live there. Non-native species that is brought into an area that takes over killing many things that live there.

26. Global Climate Change Global Warming : warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide. Global Warming : warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide.

28. The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s windshield. This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up. Example of the Greenhouse Effect

29. Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) >99% Methane (CH 4 ) <1% Non- Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases Argon (Ar)

30. Sun Runaway Greenhouse Effect 97% carbon dioxide 3% nitrogen Water & sulfuric acid clouds Temperature: 860°F Venus

31. How Global Warming Works Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

32. How is global warming measured?

33. Ice Core Data CO 2 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica

34. CO 2 Atmospheric Measurements CO 2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii

36. Global Warming Myths Just like with other things that involve responsibility and money...,any myths are created to deflect the blame

37. Global Warming Has Stopped? -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1975198019851990199520002005 Year  Mean Temperature (°C) 1365.2 1365.4 1365.6 1365.8 1366.0 1366.2 1366.4 1366.6 1366.8 Solar Irradiance (W/m 2 ) 2010 NO IT HAS NOT!

38. Global Warming is Caused by Sunspots? -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1880190019201940196019802000 Year  Mean Temperature (°C) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Sunspots NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE!

39. Global Warming is Caused by GCR? -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1950196019701980199020002010 Year  Mean Temperature (°C) 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 Gamma Cosmic Rays NO IT DOES NOT CORRELATE EITHER!

40. Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere? -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 192019602000 Year Temperature Change (°C) Northern vs. Southern Latitude Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere 192019602000 Year Land vs. Ocean Land Ocean Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Land FALSE!

41. -4.1-4-2-.5-.2.2.51244.1 Global Warming is Due to Heat from the Cities? 2009 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980 NOT TRUE!

42. Carbon Dioxide Cause Global Climate Change

43. 170 220 270 320 370 420 200000400000600000 Time (YBP) CO 2 (ppm) Vostok Ice CoreDome Concordia Carbon Dioxide Levels 0 Muana Loa Readings CO 2 Levels Since 1958 310 330 350 370 10203040 CO 2 (ppm) 0

44. Volcanoes Put Out More CO 2 Than Fossil Fuel Burning? 0 2 4 6 8 10 Carbon (10 9 metric tons) Fossil Fuel Volcanoes NO THEY DO NOT!

45. Carbon Footprint

46. Pounds of Carbon Dioxide ___ tons CO 2 X 2205 lbs/ton = ___lbs CO 2 ___ tons CO 2 X 556200 L/ton = ___L CO 2 ___ tons CO 2 X 770 lbs/ton = ___lbs Coal 500 lbs. of coal

47. National Carbon Emissions China 6,538,367,000 United States5,838,381,000 India1,612,362,000

48. Portage Glacier 19142004 Alaska

52. CO 2 Vs. Sea Level CO 2 Vs. Temperature 0100000200000300000400000500000 Time (ybp) -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 Relative Sea Level 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 CO 2 (ppmv) -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 Temperature Rohling et al. 2009. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the last five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2:500.

56. 2007 Goal: Reductions in CO 2 Per Year Billions of Metric Tons Carbon

57. 2007 Reductions in CO 2 Per Year Gigaton Carbon Produce electricity efficiently Use electricity efficiently Vehicle efficiency Solar and Wind Power Biofuels Carbon capture and storage Billions of Metric Tons Carbon Our Goal

58. What’s being done now to reduce our emissions? Solar PowerWind PowerFuel-Efficiency

59. We can stop global warming!

60. Simple Things To Do Turn off your computer or the TV when you’re not using it. Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy. Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or curtains. Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

61. Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs Incandescent Compact Fluorescent 500 lbs. of coal What’s the difference? 1,430 lbs. CO 2 pollution avoided $30 saved

62. Simple Things To Do Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up the air conditioning. Or use a fan. Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning up the heat. Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car. Plant a tree. Recycle.

63. Should we be concerned about biodiversity? What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. When species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected. When species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected.

64. What do we get from biodiversity? Oxygen Oxygen Food Food Clean Water Clean Water Medicine Medicine Aesthetics Aesthetics Survival Survival

65. Protecting Biodiversity 16 June 2010Biodiversity.ppt65 Biodiversity “hotspots” Biodiversity “hotspots” Protection of habitat Protection of habitat

66. Conservation Biology Conservation Biology Preservations Preservations Rescue programs Rescue programs Resource conservation Resource conservation Reintroduction programs Reintroduction programs A branch of biology that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity