1. The Global Hydrological Cycle

5. Inputs:
Precipitation (eg. Rain, hail, snow, sleet, dew, fog)
Flows:
Throughflow, Groundwater Flow, Overland Flow
Rivers (also a Store)
Infiltration, Percolation (I.e. water seeping into the ground)
Stores:
Lake, Sea
Vegetation (I.e. water taken up by plants through roots)
Soil
Outputs:
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration (from the stomata on the leaves of plants)

9. Issue 2: Natural Landforms Fluvial (River) Processes
Fluvial processes create landforms.
These processes are affected by specific factors.

10. River Structure

11. What's the Point of all This?
Can you work out what the river is trying to do by using this diagram?

12. Long River Profile Flooding Cause 1
Flooding occurs in the lower course where land is flattest.

13. Upper Course Interlocking Spurs
In the Upper Course, the river is fast flowing, but there is little water and load. The river is often called a stream and does not have the erosive power to remove the hillsides (spurs), but erodes downwards instead.
EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward

14. Upper Course Potholes EROSION TYPE: Vertical (by EDDY CURRENTS)
Boulders broken off by erosion that sit on the river bed create swirling eddy currents as the water flows past as the river is not strong enough yet to move the boulders by TRACTION. These eddies swirl the boulder round and erode a pothole in the river bed by ABRASION.

15. Upper Course Waterfall and Gorge 1 EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward
(OBLIQUE AERIAL VIEW)
EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward

16. Upper Course Waterfall and Gorge 2 EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward
(PROFILE VIEW)
EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward

18. Middle Course Meanders 1
Also known as the ‘Mature’ stage
Meanders are formed because the current swings to the outside of a bend and concentrates the erosion there. Deposition occurs on the inside of the bend where there is not enough energy to carry load.
EROSION TYPE: Lateral

19. Middle Course Meanders 2 EROSION TYPE: Lateral
(Profile View / Cross Section X - Y)
EROSION TYPE: Lateral
This cross section clearly shows the eddy current (near ’X’) formed by the velocity of the river being concentrated on the outside of the bend. These UNDERCUT the bank causing the formation of a RIVER CLIFF. On the inside (NEAR ‘Y’), a SLIP-OFF-SLOPE is formed where current is too slow to carry any load.

20. Middle Course Ox-Bow Lake 1 EROSION TYPE: Lateral
Ox-bow lakes are formed when two meander RIVER CLIFFS are being eroded towards each other. These will eventually meet, during time of flooding causing the river to then flow across the neck of the meander. This cuts off part of the water = Oxbow Lake
EROSION TYPE: Lateral

21. Ox-Bow Lake 2 (Aerial View)
Middle Course
Ox-Bow Lake 2 (Aerial View)

22. Leveés and Raised Beds 1 (Front View)
Lower Course
Leveés and Raised Beds 1 (Front View)
DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower Course
Leveés are formed when rivers flood. The river water overflows the banks of the river and immediately slows down due to friction with the FLOODPLAIN. This drops the larger particles first, building up a raised river bank called a LEVEÉ.

23. Leveés and Raised Beds 2 (Front View)
Lower Course
Leveés and Raised Beds 2 (Front View)
DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower Course
Raised beds form in the Summer months when the river volume and energy are low and load is dropped onto the river bed. The bed raises up and the capacity of the river reduces, causing flooding in the winter. This in turn builds up the leveés and the whole process raises up the level of the river in the landscape.

24. Braided Channels (Oblique Side View)
Lower Course
Braided Channels (Oblique Side View)
DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower Course
In the Summer months, load is dropped by the low volume of low-energy water in the river. These build up to form obstructions in the river and it divides up to flow around them. In the winter, it is likely that the river volume will increase and remove these obstructions.

25. Lower Course Delta (Aerial View)
This deposition feature is one of the largest. When the flowing river hits the non-flowing sea, energy is suddenly lost. This causes all of the load in the river to drop in the river MOUTH. This builds up over time to create a delta – an area of land. The river divides into DISTRIBUTARIES to continue to the sea, which is now some way away from its original meeting point.

28. Western European Floods 1994-5
Flooding Case Study
Western European Floods

29. The Flooding Process
Stage 1:

30. The Flooding Process
Stage 2:

31. The Flooding Process
Stage 3:

32. Magnitude and Frequency
Flooding risk is measured in MAGNITUDES (amount) and FREQUENCIES (how often) and usually floods fall into categories such as:
high frequency - low magnitude (happening often, but only small) or
low frequency - high magnitude (don't happen often, but are major floods when they do) events.

33. Drainage
2: Dendritic
Watershed
Tributary
Confluence
Main River

34. Drainage
3: Trellised
Tributary
Watershed
Confluence
Main River

35. Water Excess: Flooding
Issue 1: Hydrosphere
Water Excess: Flooding
Flooding occurs over various scales.
Flooding can affect human activities.
Humans attempt to prevent flooding.

36. Where is flooding likely in an area of trellised drainage?
Flooding is most likely in the low-lying areas at the bottom of the slope

37. Where is flooding likely in an area of dendritic drainage?
Flooding is most likely on the main river in the low-lying land

38. Where is flooding likely in an area of radial drainage?
Flooding is most likely in the low-lying areas at the bottom of the hill

39. Three Types of Drainage
Flooding Cause 2
Drainage
Three Types of Drainage
1: Radial
Watershed