1. Bent Ole Gram Mortensen Legal framework as a core element of district cooling success – the case of Denmark HE 2014, Wuhan

2. Introduction District cooling in Denmark has limited success –In Finland and Sweden they have more district cooling Cooling is however in increasing demand (electrical compressors) District cooling consists of two or more concepts: –Cold water is produced or utilized in a central facility and distributed through a network to a number of buyers. Possible to use different sources such as low temperatures in groundwater, lake water and seawater (so-called “free cooling”) –Utilising the energy in district heating water feeding district heating water to the end-user absorption unit which utilises district heating water to produce cooling water

3. Purpose of District Cooling Promoting energy efficiency Reduce use of limited resources Boost security of supply Reduce emission of carbon dioxide Reduce air pollution In the small district cooling plant in central Copenhagen also supplying the University of Copenhagen costs is cut by up to 40 % and CO2 emission by up to 70 % Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

4. In a Chinese context Many large cities with a demand for cooling Can function –in combination with development of district heating (in cities with hot summers and cold winters) –where access to cold water exists Could contribute to cut air pollution problems by better energy efficiency Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

5. Why a legal matter? Solutions can be implemented in public owned building by decision of the owner Regarding privately owned building they may do it voluntarily, but –District cooling requires a relatively large initial investment (which can be difficult to get private investors to undertake) Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

6. Possible Legal Instruments Leave the process to the market –The huge initial investment is a problem –Same applies to other utilities Leave the investment to the public Put up public guarantees to cooperatives Forced connection to the district cooling grid Prohibit other solutions Include energy consumption in connection with cooling into building standard –Demand energy efficiency assessment Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

7. Who is regulated by the Danish District Cooling Act? In principle, anyone could establish a district cooling project in Denmark However, municipal owned must have the legal competence to engage in district heating –This can be found in an explicit legal provision or in the legal tradition (the historical context) This competence is now provided by the District Cooling Act (issued 2008) Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

8. Unbundling and financing Municipality owned district cooling plants must be operated on commercial terms –The marked economy investor principle –In opposition to district heating Economical separation between the district cooling plant and the municipality The districting cooling company must not involve itself in other business Marked price for its services –No legal monopoly nor monopoly regulation Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

9. Investment Projects are to be approved by the municipality Municipalities guarantees are prohibited also to a plant owned by the municipality Invested capital from the municipalities must compete with other purposes (elder care, schools etc.) The State has put a total limit over the possibility for municipalities to loan money The investment must be economical justified Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

10. Recommendations Municipalities should be allowed to provide loan guarantees for district cooling –Loans at low interest are available with guarantee –Risk is low Municipal district heating companies should be allowed to operate district cooling activities –They have the money and the expertise Municipalities should be more active including districting cooling in the development of commercial zones (no planning obligation) Bent Ole Gram Mortensen

11. Thank you for your attention Bent Ole Gram Mortensen Professor of Law, LLM, PhD University of Southern Denmark Department of Law Campusvej 55 – DK-5230 Odense M Phone +45 6550 2160 (direct), Fax +45 6593 0726 E-mail: bom@sam.sdu.dk http://www.sam.sdu.dk/staff/bom