1. Study of relationships between organisms and their environments.
Ecology
Study of relationships between organisms and their environments.

2. Ecosystem Organization
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms

3. Organism
A single living thing

4. Habitat (house) Niche (occupation)
The place where an organism lives out its life
Niche (occupation)
Strategies and adaptations a species uses in its own environment
How the species gets food and shelter

5. Population A group of organisms that belongs to the same species
Population members breed with each other and live in the same area

6. Population dynamics
The study of the change in population numbers and the factors influencing those changes
Population
size
Birth
Immigration
Death
Emmigration

7. Models of Population Growth
Exponential Growth
Birth exceeds death
Population Size Explodes
T=time in generations
r-= growth rate
N=popsize
R=<>1

8. Exponential growth – density independent
Population size
Time, in generations

9. Can this happen in nature?
Yes
Invasive species
Uniform habitat
No predators
No disease
Unlimited area
Can this happen?
70 miles a year
No constraints

10. K Logistic equation – density dependent Population size
Carrying capacity
r = intrinsic rate of increase. B-D. R=1+r
Time, in generations

11. K = Carrying capacity
The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support for a prolonged period of time
Not constant, it fluctuates.
How to reconcile with density independence

12. Limiting Factors-factors that affect the carrying capacity
Density-independent factors
Weather (storms, cold, drought)
Some diseases (DDT poisoning)
Density-dependent factors
Food or Predators
Space or Shelter
Other diseases (rabies)

13. Population structure
A population that is 75% adults, 25% juveniles is very different from a population of 25% adults and 75% juveniles.

14. Population structure
Age structure – distribution of ages in a population.
Size structure – distribution of sizes in a population.

15. Community Different populations in a certain area at a certain time.
Changes in one population cause changes in other populations

16. Symbiosis living together Three major kinds of symbiosis
Mutualism-both species benefit
Commensalism-one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism-one species benefits at the expense of another
Predator-Prey Relationship

17. Ecosystem
All the different populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors
There are two major kinds of ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic

18. Biotic vs. Abiotic
Biotic factors – all living organisms in an environment
Abiotic Factors—nonliving factors in an environment
Air
Temperature
Water
Light
Soil

19. Biomes
The typical weather patterns over a long period of time is the climate.

20. Biomes are a group of ecosystems with similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms.

21. Temperatures and Precipitation Determine the type of Biome

22. Is the temperature of each Biome: Hot, moderate, or cold?
Tundra -
Desert -
Temperate Grassland -
Tropical savanna -
Taiga -
Temperate forest -
Tropical rainforest -
Tundra - Cold
Desert - Hot
Temperate Grassland - Moderate
Tropical savanna - Hot
Taiga - Cold
Temperate forest - Moderate
Tropical rainforest - Hot

23. Tundra

24. Tundra
Found in Antarctica and the North Pole, North of the Arctic Circle.
Grass, lichen and herbs
Permafrost – layer of soil that is always frozen.
Very short warm season that is very wet
Many insects during warm season

25. Plants include mosses, shrubs and willow trees.

26. Animals such as wolves, foxes, hares and caribou grow thick fur during the winter to keep warm.

27. Taiga Found in Northern Hemisphere. Spruce and Fir trees
Growing season very short
Nearly constant daylight in summer
Many lakes and swamps

28. Temperate Forest

29. Temperate Forest
climate and amount of sunlight can vary tremendously between each season.
four types: Deciduous forest, Evergreen forest, temperate rain forest, and mixed evergreen and deciduous forests.

30. Animals include deer, skunks, insects and bears.

31. Grasslands Tall, perennial grasses and no trees.
Cover a quarter of the land on Earth.

32. Savannas are like the grasslands except that they do receive enough rain to support small trees.

33. Savanna
Found near equator between tropical rain forest and desert biomes
Grass, scattered trees, shrubs, many with thorns
Many grazing animals
Have a wet and dry season
Plants and animals most active during wet season.

34. Animals that appear in both include: bison, antelopes, giraffes and kangaroos.

35. Desert
Deserts take up 8.6 million square miles on Earth.

36. Desert Get less than 25 cm of rain each year
Has little or no vegetation
Driest places on earth

37. In the Desert Biome, plants (cactus) have the ability to hold water for later use and most animals (scorpion) are nocturnal.

39. Rainforest

40. Rainforest Found near the equator
Over half of the world's plant and animal species live here. All fit into only seven percent of the world's land.

41. Rain Forests have many types of plants and animals

42. COFFEE BEANS

44. Biosphere
Portion of Earth that supports life