1. Energy (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian
13/14 Spring Semester
Energy (TKK-2129)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu , W , Th , F

2. Outlines 1. Clean coal technology 2. Coal to chemical (olefins)
3. Coal gasification
4. Coal to liquid fuel

3. Clean coal technology Clean coal technology
A new generation of coal-burning power plants with energy processes that reduce air emissions and other pollutants.
Coal power plants technology must adapt to the changing political climate towards
environmental issues.

4. Clean coal technology Clean coal technology
Clean coal technologies are several generations of technological advances that have led to more efficient combustion of coal with reduced emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide. (
Wet scrubbers
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC)
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Low Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Burners
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Electrostatic Precipitators
Carbon Capture and Storage
(CCS)

5. Clean coal technology Wet scrubbers
When the emissions reach the flue of the furnace limestone and water are sprayed
The SO2 reacts with the calcium carbonate (limestone) to form gypsum (calcium sulfate)
The gypsum is collected and used for construction

6. Clean coal technology Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC)
IGCC uses a coal gasification system to convert coal into a synthesis gas (syngas) and produce steam.
The hot syngas is processed to remove sulfur compounds, mercury and particulate matter before it is used to fuel a combustion turbine generator, which produces electricity.
The heat in the exhaust gases from the combustion turbine is recovered to generate additional steam
This steam, along with that from the syngas process, then drives a steam turbine generator to produce additional electricity.

7. Clean coal technology Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC)
The integration of these technologies provides the high efficiency of the combined-cycle design with the low cost of coal

8. Clean coal technology Integrated Gas Combined Cycle (IGCC) Advantages:
efficiencies currently approaching 50%, IGCC power plants use less coal and produce much lower emissions of carbon dioxide than conventional power plants
Higher output: Using syngas in a gas turbine increases its output
The gasification process in IGCC enables the production of not only electricity, but a range of chemicals, by-products for industrial use, and transport fuels

9. Clean coal technology Carbon capture and storage
Process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere

10. Clean coal technology Carbon capture and storage
Three processes in the CCS technology [1]
Capturing the CO2 produced from industrial or power generation processes
Transporting the CO2 to an underground geological formation which is suitable geological formations
CO2 can be used as fluid in “Enhanced Oil Recovery”, where CO2 pushing the remaining oil [2]
[1]
[2] “Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)”, Congressional Research Service, June 19, 2009 <

11. Clean coal technology Carbon capture and storage
the CO2 is grabbed after the fossil fuel is burned. The burning of fossil fuels­ produces something called flue gase­s. In a post-combustion process, CO2 is separated and captured from the flue gases that result from the combustion of fossil fuel

12. Clean coal technology Carbon capture and storage
CO2 is trapped before the fossil fuel is burned. That means the CO2 is trapped before it's diluted by other flue gases. Coal, oil or natural gas is heated in pure oxygen, resulting in a mix of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This mix is then treated in a catalytic converter with steam, which then produces more hyd­rogen, along with carbon dioxide

13. Clean coal technology Carbon capture and storage
the power plant burns fossil fuel in oxygen. This results in a gas mixture comprising mostly steam and CO2. The steam and carbon dioxide are separated by cooling and compressing the gas stream.

14. Coal gasification Gasification
the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of methane (CH4) carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O)–from coal and water, air and/or oxygen

15. Coal gasification Coal gasification reaction
In coal gasification, four principal reactions are crucial:
Steam gasification
Carbon dioxide gasification
Hydrogasification
Partial oxidation reaction
S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

16. Coal gasification Coal gasification reaction Steam gasification
The steam gasification reaction is endothermic
S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

17. Coal gasification Coal gasification reaction
2. Carbon dioxide gasification
Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to produce carbon monoxide and this reaction is called Boudouard reaction.
This reaction is also endothermic in nature, similar to the steam gasification reaction
S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

18. Coal gasification Coal gasification reaction 3. Hydrogasification
Direct addition of hydrogen to coal under high pressure forms methane
This reaction is exothermic and requires high temperature and pressure
S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

19. Coal gasification Coal gasification reaction 4. Partial oxidation
Combustion of coal involves reaction with oxygen, which may be supplied as pure
oxygen or as air, and forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Principal chemical reactions between carbon and oxygen involve:
S. Lee, J. G. Speight, S. K. Loyalka Handbook of alternative fuel technology. CRC Press

20. Coal gasification Coal gasification scheme
Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin, Devendra Canchi Coal-To-Liquids (CTL) & Fischer-Tropsch Processing (FT). The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University

21. Coal to chemical (CTC) Coal to olefins technology
Olefins are one of the most important oil derivatives widely used in industry
To reduce the dependence of olefins industry on oil

22. Coal to chemical (CTC) Coal to olefins technology
A number of coal-to-olefins (CTO) processes have been developed:
UOP/Hydro MTO
DMTO developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of Chinese Academy of Science
SMTO by Sinopec
Lurgi MTP
FMTP by Tsinghua University

23. Coal to chemical (CTC) Coal to olefins technology
A CTO plant based on the technology was built by Shenhua Group and successfully put into commercial production on January 2011 with capacity 0.7 Mt/a olefins
(0.3 Mt/a ethylene, 0.3 Mt/a propylene, and 0.1 Mt/a C4 ).

24. Coal to chemical (CTC)
Coal to olefins technology
Process flow diagram

25. Coal to liquid fuel Coal to liquid fuel (Coal liquefaction)
Block flow diagram
X. Zhao, R. D. Mc Gihon, S. A. Tabak Coal to liquid gasoline. Exxonmobil research and engineering, USA

26. Coal to liquid fuel Coal to liquid fuel Block flow diagram
Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin, Devendra Canchi Coal-To-Liquids (CTL) & Fischer-Tropsch Processing (FT). The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University

27. Coal to liquid fuel Coal to liquid fuel Fischer-Tropsch process
converting a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide—derived from coal, methane or biomass—to liquid fuels
uses hydrogen (H2) and carbon-monoxide (CO) to make different types of hydrocarbons with various H2:CO ratios
In a CTL facility the H2 and CO can be supplied from the coal gasifier

28. Coal to liquid fuel Coal to liquid fuel Fischer-Tropsch process
The original Fischer-Tropsch process is described by the following chemical equation:

29. Coal to liquid fuel
Coal to liquid fuel

30. Coal to liquid fuel Fischer-Tropsch process CATALYSTS & PRODUCTS
CATALYST PRODUCT
Iron Linear alkenes and oxygenates
Cobalt Alkanes
Nickel Methane
Ruthenium High molecular weight hydrocarbons
Rhodium Large amounts of hydrocarbons & little oxygenates

31. Coal to liquid fuel Coal to liquid fuel (Coal liquefaction)
Block flow diagram

32. Thank You !