1. Alternative Fuels What is there besides gasoline?

2. So, what is there besides gasoline? Well there are a few alternatives: Biodiesel Electricity Ethanol Hydrogen Methanol Natural Gas Propane P-Series

3. Biodiesel What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oil, animal fats, and used restaurant grease Why is a good alternative to traditional fuels? Lower emissions Renewable Little/no engine modification Can be blended with traditional fuel Biodegradable Infrastructure exists

4. How can Biodiesel help the environment? In a blended state with traditional fuel it can lower emissions such as a 20% blend lowers CO2 emissions by 15% 100% Biodiesel can lower CO2 emissions by 75% Biodiesel produces fewer particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions It’s safe to store, handle, and transport cause of a high flash point of 150 degrees Celsius instead of 77 degrees Celsius for traditional fuels. Is Biodiesel practical? Yes, it uses the current infrastructure and technology and costs $1 to $1.50 per gallon

5. Electricity How is it used as fuel? Electricity is used as fuel in the form of batteries and fuel cells. Are they practical? Batteries are a source of power but have limited range and require frequent charging and are more suited to short range community use Fuel Cells are more promising because they use other fuels to create the electrical energy

6. How does a fuel cell work? A fuel cell uses a hydrogen and oxygen reaction resulting in the production of energy If pure hydrogen is used the car produces only two by-products: Water and Heat What are the benefits of using electricity? For electric cars it would mean no emissions Although batteries have a short range, vehicles that use them can be used in communities to get around For fuel cells, if hydrogen is used it can have a longer range vehicle with no emissions. Electricity

7. Ethanol What is Ethanol? Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel made from corn, wheat, barley, trees, grass, etc. What are the benefits? Ethanol is renewable because it comes from fermenting crops Ethanol lowers carbon monoxide emissions Ethanol is widely available and can/is used in a 10% Ethanol blend commercial vehicles today, with many other vehicles using higher blends Ethanol (with government tax incentives) is competitively priced Since ethanol can be made from a wide variety of plant life, it is very abundant and with depleting petroleum reserves, is a promising alternative

8. Hydrogen Why use hydrogen? Hydrogen gas is the most abundant element on the planet Hydrogen mixed with natural gas can be used in internal combustion engine Hydrogen is the perfect fuel to run fuel cells cause pure hydrogen reacts only with oxygen releasing water thus no emissions Hydrogen burns more efficiently and creates energy more efficiently than gasoline

9. Hydrogen What are some cons? When the public thinks of hydrogen, the explosion of the famous Hindenburg airship and this makes for low public opinion Hydrogen is extremely reactive with oxygen and makes it highly flammable Because of hydrogen’s reactive nature, concept hydrogen cars have/are going through many crash tests and results are good

10. Methanol What is methanol? Methanol is wood alcohol, which can be made from natural gas, coal, or wood What are the benefits? Lower emissions Higher performance Lower risk of flammability Methanol can be used to easily make hydrogen Can be used in flexible fuel vehicles What are the cons? The biggest is the lack of vehicles to use it, manufactures have stopped making vehicles to run on Methanol

11. Natural Gas Why use natural gas? Lower emissions Lower smog producing gases (60-90% Light-Duty use, 90% in Mid to Heavy-duty use) Can be used to make hydrogen to power the future fuel cell technology What is the future of natural gas? Natural gas is now being installed in 1 out of 5 transit buses today Fueling systems can/are being installed in home or public facilities Aftermarket systems can convert vehicles to a natural gas system

12. Propane What is propane? Propane is a liquefied gas made up of propane, propylene, butane, and butylene from petroleum What are the benefits? A 98% reduction in toxic emissions in light-duty bi-fuel vehicles In the quantities needed it costs less than gasoline Very accessible compared to other alternative fuels (4,000 publicly accessible facilities in the US)

13. Propane What does the future hold? Currently 200,000 vehicles in the US use propane (mostly fleet vehicles like taxis and police cars) Since the current infrastructure can easily be converted to dispense propane it makes for a cost effective solution to gasoline by using the current fuel dispensing system

14. P-Series What is P-Series? It is a colorless fuel made of natural gas liquids, ethanol, and methyltetrahydrofuran Where is it used? P-Series fuels are primarily used in flexible fuel vehicle in a pure form or mixed with other fuels This type of fuel is not widely produced or used like some of the other fuels

15. Conclusion Alternative fuels generally lower emissions making them appealing for environmental concerns. Many of these fuels are renewable and would lessen the need for petroleum products. A lot of these fuels are going to be used with the developing fuel cell technology. With making the public aware of these alternatives it could hasten the development of these fuels and the technologies to run them. For more information visit the links below: http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/altfuels.html http://www.biodiesel.org/ http://www.4hydrogen.com/index.html http://www.clean-vehicles.com/cleanv/ Created By Jared Goodall