1. Ocean Systems 3.1 The oceans are a connected system. 3.2
CHAPTER
Ocean Systems
the BIG idea
The oceans are a connected system of water in motion.
3.1
The oceans are a connected system.
3.2
Ocean water moves in currents.
3.3
Waves move through oceans.
3.4
Waters rise and fall in tides.
CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. 3.1 The oceans are a connected system.
• Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases.
salinity
density
continental shelf
sonar
SECTION
OUTLINE

3. 3.1 The oceans are a connected system.
• Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases.
salinity
• Ocean temperatures decrease with depth.
density
• The ocean floor has canyons, mountains, and many other features.
continental shelf
sonar
SECTION
OUTLINE

4. 3.1 salinity The oceans are a connected system.
density
The measure of the amount of dissolved salt contained in water.
continental shelf
sonar
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

5. 3.1 density The oceans are a connected system.
salinity
density
density
A property of matter representing the mass per unit volume.
continental shelf
sonar
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

6. 3.1 continental shelf The oceans are a connected system.
salinity
continental shelf
density
The flat or gently sloping land that lies submerged around the edges of a continent and that extends from the shoreline out to the continental slope.
continental shelf
sonar
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

7. 3.1 sonar The oceans are a connected system.
salinity
sonar
density
Instruments that use echolocation to locate objects underwater; acronym for “sound navigation and ranging.”
continental shelf
sonar
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

8. Ocean water moves in currents.
3.2
Ocean water moves in currents.
• Surface currents are set in motion by winds and carry heat around the globe.
ocean current
upwelling
downwelling
El Niño
• Deep currents are caused by differences in water density. Dense water sinks at the poles and very slowly flows toward the equator.
SECTION
OUTLINE

9. 3.2 ocean current Ocean water moves in currents.
upwelling
A mass of moving ocean water.
downwelling
El Niño
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

10. 3.2 upwelling Ocean water moves in currents.
ocean current
upwelling
upwelling
The vertical movement of deep water up to the surface.
downwelling
El Niño
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

11. 3.2 downwelling Ocean water moves in currents.
ocean current
downwelling
upwelling
The movement of water from the surface to greater depths.
downwelling
El Niño
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

12. 3.2 El Niño Ocean water moves in currents.
ocean current
El Niño
upwelling
A disturbance of wind patterns and ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean that causes temporary climate changes in many parts of the world.
downwelling
El Niño
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

13. Waves move through oceans.
3.3
Waves move through oceans.
• Ocean waves transport energy, not water. When a wave passes, water particles end up in the same places they began.
longshore current
rip current
• Longshore currents occur when waves hit shores at angles.
• Rip currents are narrow streams of water that breakthrough sandbars.
SECTION
OUTLINE

14. 3.3 longshore current Waves move through oceans.
rip current
The overall direction and movement of water as waves strike the shore at an angle.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

15. 3.3 rip current Waves move through oceans.
longshore current
rip current
rip current
A narrow stream of water that breaks through sandbars and drains rapidly back into deeper water.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

16. Waters rise and fall in tides.
3.4
Waters rise and fall in tides.
The Moon’s gravity pulls Earth’s waters into bulges and dips.
tide
As Earth rotates, its movement through these bulges and dips causes tides.
tidal range
spring tide
neap tide
indirect high tide
Earth
Moon
direct high tide
SECTION
OUTLINE

17. 3.4 tide Waters rise and fall in tides.
tidal range
The periodic rising and falling of the water level of the ocean due to the gravitational pulls of the Moon and the Sun.
spring tide
neap tide
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

18. 3.4 tidal range Waters rise and fall in tides.
The difference in height between high tide and low tide.
spring tide
neap tide
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

19. 3.4 spring tide Waters rise and fall in tides.
tidal range
A tide of large range occurring during the new and full moons, resulting in an extra-high tidal bulge and an extra-low tidal dip.
spring tide
neap tide
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

20. 3.4 neap tide Waters rise and fall in tides.
tidal range
A tide of small range occurring during the first- and third-quarter phases of the Moon.
spring tide
neap tide
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

21. 3.1 The oceans are a connected system.
I. The oceans are a connected system.
salinity
A. Ocean water covers much of Earth.
density
B. Ocean water contains salts and gases.
continental shelf
1. Salts
sonar
2. Oxygen and Other Gases
C. Ocean temperatures vary.
D. The ocean floor has many features.
1. Ocean Exploration
2. Mapping the Ocean Floor
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

22. Ocean water moves in currents.
3.2
Ocean water moves in currents.
II. Ocean water moves in currents.
ocean current
A. The oceans have major currents.
upwelling
1. Surface Currents
downwelling
2. Deep Currents
El Niño
B. Currents interact with climate and weather.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

23. Waves move through oceans.
3.3
Waves move through oceans.
III. Waves move through oceans.
longshore current
A. Waves form in the open ocean.
rip current
1. Wave Action at the Water’s Surface
2. Wave Action near Shore
B. Waves cause currents near shore.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

24. Waters rise and fall in tides.
3.4
Waters rise and fall in tides.
IV. Waters rise and fall in tides.
tide
A. Coastal waters rise and fall each day.
tidal range
B. The gravity of the Moon and the Sun causes tides.
spring tide
1. Daily Tides
neap tide
2. Monthly Tides
C. Tides can be used to generate electricity.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY