1. Logo Module 4: Air Quality Around Production Facilities and Land Application Sites By Jeff Lorimor and David Schmidt

2. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-2 Introduction One of nine training modules for animal feeding operation managers and employees and those applying manure. Materials are available from MWPS and the National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.

3. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-3 Topics of Discussion Overview of  Reasons for air quality concerns  Measurement methods  Control technologies and management methods

4. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-4 Reasons for Air Quality Concerns Over 200 different gases emitted Dust and pathogen emissions Health concerns in facilities Odors are likely driving the issue. Ambient measurements have exceeded regulatory thresholds. No one can ignore the issue.

5. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-5 Examples of Specific Concerns Hydrogen sulfide  Strong odor  Health concerns with chronic concentrations of 7-30 ppb Ammonia  Precursor to small dust formation  Environmental and health concerns Methane  Global warming

6. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-6 Terminology Emission vs. concentration Average vs. peak Mass/year emitted vs. ambient concentration

7. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-7 Concentrations Concentration in emitted gas Concentration in building I am impacted by ambient concentrations.

8. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-8 Emissions Calculation Concentration Concentration (mass/volume) x ventilation rate (volume/time) = emissions (mass/time) Vent rate (cfm) Tons per year Emissions

9. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-9 Gas and Dust Measurement Emission rate varies widely depending on vent rate, time of day, management, etc. Instantaneous emissions are needed for property line concentrations. Average emissions are okay for determining annual emissions. Instantaneous measurements are more expensive.

10. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-10 Odor Concentration Measurement With the human, nose is still best. Detection Threshold–Concentration of odor where it can first be detected by “normal people.”

11. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-11 Dilution Example

12. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-12 Dilution Example

13. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-13 Dilution Example

14. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-14 Odor Measurement Use Olfactometer or Scentometer to dilute air samples.

15. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-15 Intensity Another measure of odor strength Strength of smell is ranked on a scale of 0-5 or 0-10. Typically used in ambient air measurement Community members can be trained on intensity.

16. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-16 Controlling Emissions Dilute or disperse the gases as they leave the site. Capture and treat the gases before they leave the site. Reduce the generation of gases.  Alter the microbial populations (change microbial environment).  Reduce the food for microbes.

17. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-17 Emission Sources Buildings Open lots Manure storages Manure application Silage piles Dead animals Septic system

18. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-18 Enhance Dispersion Setback distances Wind breaks or shelterbelts Stacks Similar for all sources Enhance Dispersion

19. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-19 Buildings (Capture and Treat) Biofilters use microbes to convert odorous gases to carbon dioxide and water.

20. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-20 Buildings (Reduce Generation) Diet Add bedding Pit additives

21. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-21 Open Lots (Reduce Generation) Control moisture content

22. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-22 Manure Storage (Capture and Treat) Covers  Permeable  Impermeable

23. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-23 Manure Storage (Reduce Generation) Physical (Separation) Biological  Aerobic Digestion  Water and carbon dioxide  Anaerobic Digestion  Methane and carbon dioxide

24. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-24 Manure Stockpile Enhance dispersion through proper siting (setback distances). Keep piles dry. Keep piles covered.

25. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-25 Control From Land Application Inject or incorporate. Irrigate.  “Low odor” manure or  Large droplets  Low trajectory Treat manure prior to land application.

26. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-26 Develop an Odor Management Plan All farms should have one in case a problem ever arises. This plan maps out what steps will be taken to reduce odors. Determine the odor sources on the farm. List the technologies to reduce or control these emissions.

27. Logo Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning4-27 Summary Issues related to gas, odor, and dust emissions from livestock and poultry facilities are here to stay. Several technologies and management techniques are available to help reduce or control these emissions.