1. Top-level Research Initiative - a major Nordic venture for climate, energy and the environment

2. Assumptions 2050: Efficiency and energy switching... Page 2...including CCS of fossil + biogenic

3. CCS potential of biogenic for ”negative emissions ” Page 3

4. Nordic countries’ reported greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 Page 4

5. Fossil and biogenic climate gas emissions in the Nordic countries in 2008, milltonCO 2 Page 5

6. Norway: Emissions in Nordic climate neutral scenario Page 6

7. Sweden: Emissions in a climate neutral scenario Page 7

8. Conclusions and recommendations for call Break down the silos! See across elements of value chains for finance and lower costs Reach targets through better cooperation More innovation with joint process/teams Build on the relative strengths Capture of biogenic sources could give several advantages Competence cluster for CCS on biomass Share risks and costs with regional solutions Fit CCS into a carbon neutral energy supply Especially if lower cost CCS can give negative emissions Full picture view Understand all emissions and the realistic merit order of abatement With less efficiency, more CCS/other measures is needed, and vice versa Involve societal aspects in CCS projects Understanding voters, market, stakeholders better will reduce project risk Capturing payability for greenness will also improve sustainability Page 8

9. Top-level Research Initiative study: Potential for carbon capture and storage in the Nordic region Sebastian Teir, Jens Hetland, Asbjørn Torvanger, Katarina Buhr, Erik Lindeberg, Tiina Koljonen, Jenny Gode, Andreas Tjernshaugen, Marcus Liljeberg, Antti Arasto, Kristin Onarheim, Antti Lehtilä, Lauri Kujanpää, Matti Nieminen

10. Objective of study Give an overview of the realistic potential for applying CCS in the Nordic countries Mapping of CO 2 emissions and storage possibilities Scenarios for future deployment of CCS Overview of CCS technology and R&D activities in the NC Political framework: energy and climate policy, public awareness  Determine the role of CCS in the Nordic countries Give recommendations for topics for the upcoming Top-level Research Initiative on CCS

11. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) Kuva: Bellona Separation of CO 2 (at a power plant or factory) Transportation by pipeline to storage site Transportation to intermediate storage Transportation by ship to storage site Final storage of CO 2 in isolation from the atmosphere

12. GIS-database over largest CO 2 emitting facilities Data for 2007 Only facilities with emissions >0.1 Mt CO 2 /a included  Covers 277 facilities Fossil, inorganic and biogenic* CO 2 emissions mapped Facility Cement and lime production Iron and steel production Non-ferrous metal production Offshore oil and gas activities Oil and gas refineries Other Power and heat production Production of chemicals Pulp and paper production Waste treatment or incineration CO 2 em.(Mt/a) 0.1 – 0.5 0.5 – 1.0 1.0 – 1.5 1.5 – 2.0 2.0 – 3.0 3.0 – 4.0 4.0 – 5.0 Fossil, inorganic and biogenic CO 2 emissons * from biomass combustion

13. Capacity calculations for geological CO 2 storage in the Nordic countries Mature offshore aquifer storage capacity in Norway: 84.6 Gt CO 2 Maximum injection rate: 254 Mt/a Mature onshore and offshore aquifer storage capacity in Denmark: 1.7 Gt CO 2 Most gas and oil fields in the North Sea well explored, but not mature due to ongoing production The south-western and south- eastern sea areas of Sweden need more exploration Finland and Iceland has no bedrock suitable for geological storage of CO 2 84.6 Capacity in saline aquifers (Units: Gt CO 2 ) 1.7 0 0 ?

14. 277 largest facilities account for 51% of the total (fossil) CO 2 emissions in the Nordic countries Fossil/mineral CO 2 emissions: 113 MtBiogenic CO 2 emissions: 54 Mt

15. Differences between countries Only facilities with emissions >0.1 Mt CO 2 /a included

16. CCS demonstration projects in the Nordic Countries

17. Political framework for CCS – overview All the Nordic countires have ambitious energy and climate targets (GHG emissions, renewables, energy efficiency) Either carbon neutrality or 80% GHG reduction is included into each country’s national long-term (or 2050) targets* Denmark, Sweden and Finland under EU’s 20-20-20-targets Participation in EU’s emissions trading scheme Norway: reduce GHG emissions by 30% (40% if global climate agreement) Iceland: reduce GHG emissions by 30% given an international climate agreement * According to national reports to UNFCCC

18. Scenario: Amount of CO 2 captured in the each Nordic country (including bio-CCS)