1. NATURAL GAS & LNG AS ENGINE FUEL Jim Lewis, PE, PEng LNG Expertise, LLC May 21, 2014 Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute 1

2. NATURAL GAS Natural Gas is mostly methane (CH 4 ) with small amounts of  Ethane (C 2 H 6 )  Propane (C 3 H 8 )  Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Impurities  Nitrogen  Carbon Dioxide  Hydrogen Sulfide 2

3. COMPOSITION Hydrogen Carbon Ratio  MethaneCH 4 4 - 1  EthaneC 2 H 6 3 – 1  PropaneC 3 H 8 2 3 / 3 – 1 C 4 + 3

4. COMBUSTION H 2 + O = H 2 OWater C + 2O = CO 2 4

5. NATURAL GAS CHARACTERISTICS  Density  Specific Gravity  Flammability range 5% to 15%  Octane, Auto-Ignition Temperature 999° F 5

6. BOILING TEMPERATURES Atomic Number Methane-260° F16 Ethane-160° F30 Propane -4° F44 Vaporization Vapor Clouds Density Buoyancy 6

7. CONDENSATION 620 cubic feet gas 1 cubic foot of LNG Storage and Transport 7

8. CNG VolumeCompressed Natural Gas = 8 LNG Pressure3600 psi Range 8

9. LNG VAPOR PRESSURE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE 9

10. BOIL OFF GAS Insulation – Vacuum Use Vapor Pressure safety relief 10

11. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MATERIALS Strength Toughness / Brittleness, NDT Expansion and Contraction Heat Transfer Freezing, Ice 11

12. SAFETY ISSUES Bad Rap – Cleveland 1944 Flammability Volatility – Heat Sources Ignition Temperature Flame Speed / Acceleration Limits – LFL 5%, UFL 15% Stoichiometric – 10% 12

13. MITIGATION Isolate Source, ESD Hazard Sensors Hazard Identification Risk = Probability x Consequences = Escalation, Radiant Heat, Exposure Exclusion Zones – Vapor, Heat, Ignition 13

14. FIRES & FIRE FIGHTING Fuel Vapor Heat Liquid Surface Impoundment Oxygen – Foam Escalation 14

15. MAPLYN SANDS TESTS 15

16. FIRE 16

17. CODES Materials, Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel, Piping and Electrical Codes Spacing – Fire and Radiant Heat, Ignition Risk Assessment- Probability x Consequences  As Low as Reasonably Practical (ALARP)  Public Risk 17

18. IGNITION Spark Ignition Compression Ignition (Diesel) Diesel Ignition (5%) LNG Aging 18

19. MARINE USE Onboard Storage  Cargo Tank  Pressure Vessels Bunkering  LNG Source  Bunker Barge  Fueling Station  ESD  Dry Break Transfer  Hull Protection  Ventilation 19

20. INFRASTRUCTURE Source  Pipeline  Production Pretreatment  Stripping  H 2 O  CO 2, H 2 S 20

21. INFRASTRUCTURE (cont.) Liquefaction  Refrigerants - Cascade - Mixed Refrigerant - Nitrogen Storage  Large Atmospheric Pressure (API 620), Site Erected  Pressure Vessels (ASME), Shop Fabricated Transport  Truck  Rail  Barge Bunkering  On Board Fuel Tanks 21

22. COSTS The Cost of Fuel will be Project Specific  Well head gas cost  Liquefaction  Transport  Bunkering Infrastructure and Operations  ½ the Price of Diesel Fuel Comparison  Energy Equivalance  Volume Equivalence Not Good  Diesel Gallon Equivalent DGE = 1.7 gal LNG  Cost per Mile 22

23. MARINE REGULATIONS CLASSIFICATIONS US Coast Guard, Local Transport Canada, Provencial Captain of the Port Emissions, Spills on Water  Sulfur  Particulate 23

24. TRAINING Attitude and Oversight Fundamentals – Turn the Valve Experience Cooperation 24

25. PUBLIC RELATIONS Regulators NIMBYs Issues (+ or -): History, Cleveland, 7 Decades Safety Explosions Emissions Pollutions, Sulfur Fracking Congestion Jobs 25