1. Primer Wetlands and Climate

2. Wetland Degradation and Loss Artificial drainage of wetlands and hydric soils Mechanical disturbance from agriculture Altered hydrology Inorganic fertilizers and composting Filling/dredging Land Development and Agricultural Global losses of 50%: and over 90% in many countries (Dugan 1993). Varying in USA from 9% loss in New Hampshire to over 90% loss in California (Dahl 1990).

3. Changes in Wetland Areas 1800 to 2006 (x 10^3 km^2) (From Bridgham et al 2006). PeatlandsFreshwater mineral Tidal marsh MangroveMudflatTotals Canada-- Now 1136159.44061301 Canada- historic 11503591.3071517 USA--Now 22586821.4391127 USA-Historic 243130823.44101597 Mexico-Now 102105ND36 Mexico- Historic 45 08ND53 North America--Now 13721047228152463 North America-- Historic 140717062512173167 CHANGE -2.5%-39%-12%-33%-12%-22% Global-Now 3443231522181ND5961 Global- Historic 4000500029278ND9307 CHANGE -14%-54%-24%-35%-12%-36%

4. DEGRADATION OF WETLANDS

5. Wetlands and Climate Change (C-Sequestration minus CH4-Emissions) Wetlands are the most productive ecosystem in the world (Whittaker and Likens 1973). Largest carbon pools of Stored C on earth (Eswaran, van Den berg, and Reich 1993).

6. Note: Positive number = net flux into wetland, negative number = net flux from wetland (Bridgham et. al. 2006)

7. Wetland Soil Carbon Pools (Pg) and Fluxes (Tg yr-1) (From Bridgham et al 2006). PeatlandsFreshwater mineralTidal MarshMangroveMudflatsTotals North America—Now Carbon Pool Size (Pg)17736.44.19.28215 Sequestration (Tg yr^-1) 2917.74.82.13.357.2 Net Carbon Balance (Pg) 1722.34.82.13.349.2 Change in FLUX from Historic (Tg yr^-1) -19.6-11-0.53-0.48-32.7 % CHANGE in acreage-2.5%-39%-12%-33%-12%-22% Global-Now Carbon POOL Size (Pg)46246.434.9ND513 Sequestration (Tg yr^-1) 55394.638nd137 Net Carbon Balance (Pg) -150394.638nd-68 Change in FLUX from Historic (Tg yr^-1) -221-45-.69-20nd-287 %CHANGE in acreage-14%-54%-24%-35%-12%-36%

8. Potential for Wetland Restoration and Climate Mitigation Midwest Agriculture/Great Lakes Arctic, Boreal Peatlands Coastal Freshwater, Brackish, Salt Water Estuarine

9. Wetland Soil Carbon Pools (Pg) and Fluxes (Tg yr-1), and Annual Sequestration (TC/ ha and TCo2e-ha) (Calculated using Bridgham et al 2006). PeatlandsFreshwater mineralTidal MarshMangroveMudflatsTotals North America—Now ( km^2) 13720001047000220008000150002463000 Carbon Pool Size (Pg)17736.44.19.28215 Total Sequestration (Tg yr^-1) 2917.74.82.13.357.2 Sequestration rate in Tg/yr /km^2 473125915245833809454543059 Sequestration rate Ton of C/ha per year 4.395.36.41.34.413.9 Tons oc Co2e/ha-yr16.0619.611.51.21.514.27 Global-Now (km^2) 3443000231500022000181000ND5961000 Carbon POOL Size (Pg)46246.434.9ND513 Total Sequestration (Tg yr^-1) 55394.638ND137 Sequestration rate in Tg/yr /km^2 62,6005935847824763ND43510 Sequestration rate Ton of C/ha per year 5.675.38.43 ND3.9 Tons oc Co2e/ha-yr20.719.71.6 ND14.27

10. Pocosin Wetlands, Coastal North Carolina Must re-saturate peat substrates to reduce annual oxidation and GHG release and to prevent wildfires.

11. (from Richardson 1981, 1983))

12. Peatlands (Wetlands) Peatlands occupy 3% of the global terrestrial surface yet contain 16-33% of the earths soil carbon pool (Gorham 1991).

13. How much carbon was emitted? (Peat Fire, June –Sept 2008). Mickler and Welch 2012 9.9 Tg C on the 16,814 burned hectares: > total USA vehicle emissions for 2008

14. Hydrology restoration of Pocosins Wetlands, NC Source: Richardson Duke University Protects 6100 lbs/C/acre per year

15. Fair Oaks Farm, Indiana Indiana Chapter 7300 acres of drained landscape, 5000 of wetland being restored Restoration of native plant communities, rare habitats, and rare species Measured and predicted carbon improvements: Sequester 7-12 tons of C/acre-yr, or ~50,000 tons/C-yr or 183,000 TCO2equ/yr. Add the reduction in 2-5 tons of C02eq/acre/ yr from dewatering effects.

16. Newton County, Indiana

17. Fair Oaks Farm Restoration plans

18. Restoration of hydrology, seeding and wildlife habitat

19. KEY POINTS o High Recovery and Climate Mitigation Benefits: Wetlands have the highest carbon sequestration rates measured in nature, and a rapid recovery once restoration begins. o 7-14 Ton C/acre-year documented. o Disproportionately large planetary carbon sink o Wetland Degradation : Conversion losses and on-going degradation presents a huge wetland restoration and climate mitigation opportunity. o 50-90% losses from development, agricultural uses in USA/globally. o Multiple Co-Benefits: The restoration of wetlands benefits climate, water cycles, and the habitat needs of a majority of wildlife, fisheries and other life, including humans. o Can hold 1-1.5 million gallons of water per acre. o Provide significant downstream FDR benefits. o Disproportionate support of T and E wildlife, and planetary biodiversity o Global Program of Restoration, Protection Needed Now!

21. Wetlands and Methane Emissions Wetlands emit 15-40% (92-237 x 10^12 g CH4/yr) of the global total Methane emission. –Some evidence that global warming since 1990’s may have resulted in increased CH4 from wetlands. –Not certain how increased atmospheric C02 impacts wetlands: some studies suggest higher wetland productivity occurs, and Co2 update may balance with Ch4 emissions. –