1. Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates, Consulting engineers District cooling

2. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Introduction  District Cooling  Components  Central Plant  Distribution Network  Consumer System

3. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Pros&Cons of District Cooling  More efficient due to simultaneous production of cooling and electricity  Long term commitment  More beneficial for area with high population density

4. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt The Central Plant  Selection Criteria  Environmental Impact  Efficiency, COP, IPLV  Useful life  Initial cost  Running cost  Availability  Maintainability

5. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Chiller efficiency rating  Coefficient of performance  kW/TR for Peak Ratings  Integrated Part Load Value  Nonstandard Part Load value  Multiple Chillers

6. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Refrigerants Montreal Protocol The 1987 Montreal Protocol, and subsequent revisions, established the following timeline for the phase-out of chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons (HCFC) RefrigerantYearRestrictions CFC-111996Ban on Production CFC-121996Ban on Production HCFC-222010Production Freeze and ban on use in new equipment 2020Ban on Production HCFC-1232015Production Freeze 2020Ban on use in new equipment 2030Ban on Production HFC 134a-No restrictions

7. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Refrigerants

8. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Water Chiller Comparison Chiller TypeCapacity Range (tons) First Cost Range $/ton COP Range IPLV Range COP Reciprocating50-230200-2504.2-5.54.6-5.8 Screw70-400225-2754.9-5.85.4-6.1 Centrifugal200-2000180-3005.8-7.16.5-7.9 Single effect Absorption 100-1700300-4500.6-0.70.63- 0.77 Double effect Absorption 100-1700300-5500.92-1.21.04- 1.30 Engine Driven100-3000450-6001.5-1.91.8-2.3

9. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Reciprocating Chiller  Typically uses R22 but also available with R134a and R717  Larger machine with multiple compressors  Lower first cost but higher initial cost  Control is achieved by stepping unload and cycling compressor on/off

10. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Screw Chiller  Positive displacement machines  Typically uses R22, R134a, R410a & R717  Available with single screw and twin screw compressor  Having fewer moving parts

11. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Centrifugal Chiller  Centrifugal chillers have highest full load efficiency rating of all the chillers discussed  Uses high pressure refrigerant R22 and R134a & low pressure refrigerant R123  Air cooled & water cooled are available but due to very low COP and very high initial cost air cooled centrifugal chillers are very seldom used.

12. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Absorption Chiller  Absorption chiller can be single effect or double effect.  Double effect absorption chillers are more efficient than Single effect absorption chiller while Single effect is beneficial where low quality steam or hot water available

13. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Engine Driven Chiller  Uses same vapor compression cycle as electric chillers except it uses reciprocating engine or gas or –steam driven turbine as prime mover.  Range of refrigerants may be used including R22, R123, R134a and R717

14. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Combined heat & power (CHP)  CHP is simultaneous production of electricity and heat from single source fuel i.e. natural gas, biogas, biomass, coal, waste heat or oil.  Typically waste heat of gas turbine or engine via waste heat recovery boiler and heat exchangers and utilized to operate absorption chiller  Multi-energy chillers directly fed by flue exhaust of the engines

15. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Benefits of CHP STANDARD RANGES OF ACHIEVABLE EFFIENCY CHP PRIME MOVER OVERALL EFFIENCY Steam turbines80 percent Diesel Engine70-80 percent Natural Gas Engine70-80 percent Gas Turbine70-75 percent Micro Turbine65-75 percent Fuel Cell65-75 percent  Efficiency Benefit

16. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Benefits of CHP  Reliability Benefit Combined heat and power (CHP) systems, when properly designed, provide critical power reliability for a variety of businesses and organizations while providing electric and thermal energy to the sites on a continuous basis, resulting in daily operating cost saving.

17. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Benefits of CHP  Environmental Benefit Combined heat and power (CHP) system offer considerable environmental benefits when compared with purchased electricity and onsite generated heat. By capturing and utilizing heat that would otherwise be wasted from the production of electricity, CHP systems requires less fuel than equivalent separate heat and power systems to produce the same amount of energy.

18. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Benefits of CHP  Economic Benefit Reduced Energy Costs Protection of Revenue streams Hedge against volatile energy prices

19. “Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt Conclusion  Long tern commitment  Requires careful design  Advance flue gas cleaning  Attention must be given to; environmental impact, COP & IPLV Initial cost & Running cost Useful life & Maintainability  The benefits of CHP and/or thermal storage with district cooling system becomes more prominent as compare to decentralized small cogeneration and/or thermal energy storage plants due too larger size of plant