1. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fresno, CA Kings River Experimental Watersheds KREW

2. 2012 Accomplishments Snowmelt runoff and water yield along elevation and temperature gradients in California’s southern Sierra Nevada Journal of the American Water Resources Association Sediment loads and erosion in forest headwater streams of the Sierra Nevada, California. IN A.A. Webb, et al. Revisiting Experimental Catchment Studies in Forest Hydrology, IAHS Press Controls of streamflow generation in small catchments across the snow-rain transition in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California Hydrological Processes

3. Goals of the KREW Experimental Watersheds Understand processes and quantify variability of headwater stream ecosystems Understand processes and quantify variability of headwater stream ecosystems Evaluate the effects of forest management for healthy forests Evaluate the effects of forest management for healthy forests Prescribed fire Prescribed fire Thinning Thinning Apply models Apply models

4. Integrated Watershed Research Hydrology Hydrology Meteorology Meteorology Air quality Air quality Sediment & turbidity Sediment & turbidity Soils & geomorphology Soils & geomorphology Water chemistry Water chemistry Biology Biology Stream macroinvertebrates Stream macroinvertebrates Algae Algae Riparian & upland vegetation Riparian & upland vegetation Yosemite toad Yosemite toad

5. What is the current/natural variability in headwater streams and their associated watershed characteristics ? What is the current/natural variability in headwater streams and their associated watershed characteristics ? Why is this important ? Why is this important ? To evaluate the effects from To evaluate the effects from Changing climate Changing climate Forest management Forest management

6. Stream Discharge Patterns and Sediment Loads

7. Stream code Area (ha) Sediment Load Average annual (2003-2009) Stream banks (2005-2006) Headcuts (2003-2005) Headcuts (2003-2009) Normalized weight kg/ha ± s.d. Volume (m 3 ) Volume eroded (m 3 ) per year Volume eroded (m 3 ) in 2 years Volume eroded (m 3 ) In 6 years P301996 ± 80.610.04.2 (2.1/yr) P3031322 ± 30.320.93.3 (1.6/yr) P3044961 ± 613.01.41.6 (0.8/yr)18.6 (3.1/yr) D10212117 ± 202.123.62.3 (1.2/yr) B2015313 ± 140.7 B20313810 ± 121.4 B2041678 ± 111.4 T00322816 ± 213.6

8. Controls of Streamflow Generation Endmembers identified from mixing models using Ca, Mg, K and Cl Endmembers identified from mixing models using Ca, Mg, K and Cl Streamflow components Streamflow components 60% subsurface flow 60% subsurface flow < 40% snowmelt runoff < 40% snowmelt runoff < 6% fall storm runoff < 6% fall storm runoff Not significant Not significant Regional groundwater and soil water in unsaturated zone Regional groundwater and soil water in unsaturated zone

9. Mixed-Bed Resin Lysimeters at KREW 2 soil & 1 throughfall every 150 m NO 3 & NH 4 annual fluxes

10. Values at Nearby Sites SiteElevation(m) Annual N Loading kg/(ha*yr) O 3 24-hr Average (ppbv) Emerald Lake 2,800 2 – 5 56 - 61 Mountain Home State Park 1,8901771 Giant Forest 1,920 6 – 12 66 KREW 1,600 - 2,100 2003 14 2004 9 2-week integrated 37 -87 Ozone40 ppb background level 60 ppb elevated level

11. N Deposition Levels in 2008

12. NH 4 Flux to Mineral Soil Extreme Values

13. KREW Timeline 2000 started building experimental site 2000 started building experimental site WY 2003 data collection started WY 2003 data collection started 2005-2006 added sites & instruments 2005-2006 added sites & instruments 2007 SSCZO started 2007 SSCZO started 2012 thin 2012 thin 2013-2014 understory burns 2013-2014 understory burns Latest burn spring/summer 2014 Latest burn spring/summer 2014 2017 2 nd burn ? 2017 2 nd burn ?