1. Investigation 3 – Go With The Flow
Landforms
Investigation 3 – Go With The Flow

2. Part 1: Slope Vocabulary Main Ideas
Slope - the angle or slant of a stream channel or land surface
Main Ideas
Canyons are deeper and deltas are longer in a stream table model with a steep slope.
Water flowing through channels with steep slopes causes more erosion.

3. Part 2: Flood Vocabulary Main Ideas
Flood – a very heavy flow of water, which is greater than the normal flow of water and goes over the stream’s normal channel.
Flash Flood – rises and falls rapidly with little or no advanced warning. Can be caused by heavy rainfall, dam failure, or the thaw of an ice jam.
Main Ideas
Floods erode an unusual amount of material.
Floods erode materials more quickly than normal water flow.

4. Science Stories Rivers and Controlling the Flow
River Features
Many factors influence the shape of the land around river channels:
Earth materials underneath
Force of the water
Amount of sand and rock carried along by the river

5. Science Stories Rivers and Controlling the Flow
As a river continues downstream, it often flows over wide areas of sediment called flood plains
Sediment is deposited by the river when it overflows its banks and floods nearby land
A large river may speed up as it nears its mouth, however it actually slows when it reaches the mouth.

6. Science Stories Rivers and Controlling the Flow
Mississippi River
Begins at a small lake in Minnesota.
Divided into 2 regions – 1) fast, clear flowing section and 2) a more sluggish, sediment-filled section.
Drains the central portion of the country (40% of the US).
Important for commerce and transportation.
Hudson River
Begins in Adirondack Mountains and extends to NY Harbor.
Discovered by Henry Hudson in 1609 (thought it connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans).
Important drainage basin in the Northeast.

7. Science Stories Rivers and Controlling the Flow
History of Flow Control
A levee is an embankment or mound along a river’s edge. Miles of levees line the Mississippi River.
Natural levees formed when rivers deposit large quantities of sediment after a flood
Artificial levees are higher and wider
Erie Canal was built to connect the Hudson River to the Great Lakes.

8. Part 3 Vocabulary Main Ideas
Levee – an embankment along a stream that protects land from flooding. Levees can be natural or constructed.
Dam – a construction or wall across a river that holds back water flowing through the river, creating a reservoir or lake.
Floodplain – area around a river that is covered by water flowing over the riverbank during a flood.
Main Ideas
People control the flow of water in a river with dams, levees, and new channels.

9. Science Stories Shapes of the Earth
Landforms result from a combination of constructive and destructive forces:
Constructive include crust deformations (i.e., mountains), volcanic eruptions (i.e., islands), and deposition of sediment (i.e., deltas, islands)
Destructive include weathering and erosion (i.e., canyons, caverns)

10. Science Stories Shapes of the Earth
The Earth’s surface is constantly in motion
Crust is broken into 30 tectonic plates
Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is made out of molten rock, or magma.
The crust floats on the molten rock
When plates collide, they push upward against each other, creating mountains (uplift).
Mountains also form when magma pushes up a portion of the crust.

11. Science Stories Shapes of the Earth
Earthquakes happen when two plates move past each other along a fault, or break in the Earth’s surface.
Volcanoes form where plates collide and where they pull apart (rift). They also form over hot spots in the middle of plates.
Waves can deposit sand and soil and create beaches and sand dunes. They can also erode the shoreline.

12. Science Stories Shapes of the Earth
Glaciers are large, moving pieces of ice. They are unpredictable and ever-changing, and change the shape of the land.
They move slow, but pick up boulders, sand, and other sediment as they move, and deposit them in a new place.
Caverns are formed from either:
1) acid rain dissolving limestone
2) action of waves against sea cliffs
3) sand carried by strong wind
4) cooling lava
Sinkholes are caused by caverns forming too close to the surface and the ceiling collapsing.