1. Clean Cities / 1 COALITION NAME Electric Drive Vehicles Overview Presenter Title E-mail Date

2. Clean Cities / 2 Agenda Images: NREL Image Gallery #14922 and #23854  Electricity Basics  Vehicles  Infrastructure  Getting Started  Additional Resources  Electricity Basics  Vehicles  Infrastructure  Getting Started  Additional Resources

3. Clean Cities / 3 Electricity is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Basics: Electricity as a Fuel Source Electric drive vehicles use electricity from on- or off-board electrical power sources and store it in batteries. Images: Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) and NREL Image Gallery #26685

4. Clean Cities / 4 Basics: Electricity Production and Distribution Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Most electricity in the U.S. is produced by steam turbine generators at power plants Travels from generating facilities to distribution facilities With appropriate planning, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are unlikely to strain existing electricity infrastructure in the near term

5. Clean Cities / 5 Benefits Increased energy security Improved fuel economy Lower fuel costs Low or zero tailpipe emissions Considerations Higher initial vehicle cost Limited infrastructure availability Battery life Reduced all-electric range Basics: Benefits and Considerations Image: NREL Image Gallery #28974

6. Clean Cities / 6 Basics: Electric Drive Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powered by an engine and electric motor Does not use electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to charge the battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powered by an engine and electric motor Does not use electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to charge the battery Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Powered by an electric motor and engine Uses EVSE to charge the battery Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Powered by an electric motor and engine Uses EVSE to charge the battery All-Electric Vehicle (EV) Powered by an electric motor Uses EVSE to charge the battery All-Electric Vehicle (EV) Powered by an electric motor Uses EVSE to charge the battery Images: NREL Image Gallery #24508, #18563, #24516

7. Clean Cities / 7 Vehicles: HEVs Battery charged by regenerative braking and engine Power from electric motor allows smaller engine and better fuel economy Battery charged by regenerative braking and engine Power from electric motor allows smaller engine and better fuel economy Fuel-Efficient System Design Mild hybrid: Cannot power vehicle using electric motor alone Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor, larger batteries can drive vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low speeds Fuel-Efficient System Design Mild hybrid: Cannot power vehicle using electric motor alone Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor, larger batteries can drive vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low speeds Image: NREL Image Gallery #26567

8. Clean Cities / 8 Vehicles: PHEVs Internal combustion engine uses alternative or conventional fuel Battery charged by outside electric power source, engine, and regenerative breaking During urban driving, most power comes from stored electricity Internal combustion engine uses alternative or conventional fuel Battery charged by outside electric power source, engine, and regenerative breaking During urban driving, most power comes from stored electricity Image: NREL Image Gallery #26478

9. Clean Cities / 9 Vehicles: EVs Battery stores electrical energy that powers the motor Battery charged by plugging in to outside electric power source Zero tailpipe emissions, but air pollution may be produced through electricity generation Driving range of 100 miles Battery stores electrical energy that powers the motor Battery charged by plugging in to outside electric power source Zero tailpipe emissions, but air pollution may be produced through electricity generation Driving range of 100 miles Image: NREL Image Gallery #26479

10. Clean Cities / 10 Vehicles: Batteries Energy storage systems, such as batteries, are essential for electric drive vehicles All original equipment manufacturer (OEM) PHEVs and EVs made today use lithium- ion batteries; other battery options include: Nickel-metal hydride (HEVs) Lead-acid Lithium-polymer Ultracapacitors Battery recycling is an option, but the market is currently small Battery swapping is becoming available for long-distance trips Image: AFDC

11. Clean Cities / 11 Vehicles: Vehicle Availability Light-Duty HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs widely available New models rolling out nationwide Medium-Duty Variety of HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs available New models becoming available Certified conversions an option Heavy-Duty Several HEV makes and models available Light hauling, delivery, and off- road service Images: NREL Image Gallery #29832, #22849, #25210

12. Clean Cities / 12 Case Study #1: Seattle Rideshare Fleet Just the Numbers Fleet Type: Publicly owned and operated commuter van program Fuel: Electricity Vehicles: 25 Nissan Leafs Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: 24 metric tons per month Petroleum Reduction: 218,000 gallons over seven years Largest publicly owned and operated commuter van program in the nation Introduced first EVs (20 Nissan Leafs) into the 1,300-vehicle fleet in 2011 Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Seattle Rideshare Fleet Adds EVs, Enjoys Success, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1843http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1843 “The project successfully demonstrated that EVs can compete head-to-head with conventional gasoline vehicles in the rideshare duty cycle; EVs generated cost savings and big environmental wins.” — Syd Pawlowski, King County Metro Rideshare Operations

13. Clean Cities / 13 Case Study #2: Lee's Summit R-7 School District Just the Numbers Fleet Type: Delivery trucks Fuel/Technology: EVs Number of EVs in Fleet: Four Fuel Savings: $19,000 (July 2010 through March 2012) Infrastructure: Five charging stations Motivations: Air quality, energy security, cost savings First U.S. public school district to operate an all-electric distribution fleet, transporting school supplies and cafeteria food products Purchased four all-electric delivery trucks with help from an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act award Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Lee’s Summit R-7 School District Delivers with Electric Trucks, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1009http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1009 “I believe the district is ahead of the curve and will continue to support alternative fuel vehicles and do our small part to protect the environment for our students.” —Ron Cox, Director of Purchasing and Distribution, Lee's Summit R-7 School District, Missouri

14. Clean Cities / 14 Infrastructure: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) Current Type Voltage (V) Charging Time Primary Use Level 1 Alternating Current (AC) 120V 2 to 5 miles of range per hour of charging Residential Level 2AC240V 10 to 20 miles of range per hour of charging Residential Commercial Level 3 (Pending Industry Consensus) Undefined DC Fast Direct Current (DC) 480V 60 to 80 miles of range per 20 minutes of charging Commercial WirelessAC240V 10 to 20 miles of range per hour of charging Residential Commercial Image: NREL Image Gallery #26453

15. Clean Cities / 15 Infrastructure: Connectors and Plugs Images: NREL Image Gallery #20041, #18488, #19558 Charging Standard Level 1SAE J1772 NEMA 5-15 NEMA 5-20 Level 2SAE J1772 DC FastCHAdeMO SAE J1772 Combo Tesla Supercharger WirelessSAE J2954 (pending)

16. Clean Cities / 16 Uses: Charging at Home and in Public Images: NREL Image Gallery #18723 and #18870 Charging at Home Most charge vehicles overnight at home using a Level 1 outlet or installed Level 2 EVSE Installation requires permitting and licensed contractors Charging in Public Increases vehicle range, especially for consumers who live in high-density urban areas Ideal public charging locations include: Workplaces or office buildings Shopping centers City parking lots Airports Hotels

17. Clean Cities / 17 Case Study #3: City of Houston Fleet EVSE Installing Permitting Process Step 1: Identify Step 2: Assess Step 3: Permit Step 4: Install Step 5: Inspect Step 6: Integrate Houston becoming a major player in the deployment of PEVs and EVSE Working closely with utilities and EVSE manufacturers Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Houston Energizes Deployment of Plug-In Vehicles http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1003http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1003

18. Clean Cities / 18 Other Considerations: Maintenance and Safety Image: AFDC HEVs and PHEVs have similar maintenance requirements as conventional vehicles EVs typically require less maintenance than conventional vehicles: o Battery, motor require little to no maintenance o Fewer fluids to change o Brake wear is reduced due to regenerative braking o Fewer moving parts Electric drive vehicles must meet the same safety standards as conventional vehicles

19. Clean Cities / 19 Other Considerations: Tools afdc.energy.gov/tools

20. Clean Cities / 20 Getting Started: PEV Handbooks Helpful Resource: Clean Cities PEV Handbooks are great resources for fleet managers, station owners, and individuals who are ready to start using PEVs and infrastructure. Helpful Resource: Clean Cities PEV Handbooks are great resources for fleet managers, station owners, and individuals who are ready to start using PEVs and infrastructure. afdc.energy.gov/publications

21. Clean Cities / 21 ? What federal, state, and local incentives are available? What are my driving range needs? What type of PEV is best for me? How and where will my PEV be charged each day? What level of charging will I need? Are there charging stations in my area? Are they public or private? Can I visit? What support can my local Clean Cities coalition provide? Getting Started: Questions to Ask Image: NREL Image Gallery #28005 Helpful Resource: The AFDC Laws and Incentives Search provides information about available state and federal incentives for PEVs and EVSE. Helpful Resource: The AFDC Laws and Incentives Search provides information about available state and federal incentives for PEVs and EVSE.

22. Clean Cities / 22 Presenter Organization Website Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) afdc.energy.gov Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) electricdrive.org Plug In America pluginamerica.org FuelEconomy.gov More Information

23. Clean Cities / 23 References and Resources AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/ AFDC EV Emissions page (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php AFDC Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Search (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search AFDC Station Locator Database (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/ FuelEconomy.gov’s Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV) page (http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/alternatives.shtml)http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/alternatives.shtml Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Fleet Managers (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/pev_handbook.pdf Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/pev_workplace_charging_hosts.pdf Clean Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Public Charging Station Hosts (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51227.pdf)http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/51227.pdf Clean Cities 2015 Vehicle Buyer’s Guide (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/publications.html)http://www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/publications.html Argonne National Laboratory’s (ANL) Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles report (http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/559.pdf)http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/559.pdf Electric Drive Transportation Associations (EDTA) Electric Drive Sales Dashboard (http://electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/20952/pid/20952)http://electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/20952/pid/20952 National Fire Protection Association EV Safety Training (http://www.evsafetytraining.org)http://www.evsafetytraining.org National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium First Responder Safety Training (http://www.naftc.wvu.edu/course_workshop_information/first_responders)http://www.naftc.wvu.edu/course_workshop_information/first_responders Plug In America’s Vehicle Tracker (http://www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles)http://www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles