1. Fracture Spacing in Miss. Madison Ls

2. Recent Advancement Areas
Log Characterization
Spacing Estimates
Fracture Zone Identification
Reservoir Simulation
Azimuth Predictions
Reservoir Analogs
Effects of Fracture and Diagenetic History

3. Log Characterization
Acoustic & electrical imaging logs and their interpretative workstations are becoming the subsurface standard for data acquisition, rapidly replacing core.
Dipole sonic logs are attempting to quantify fracture occurrence and fracture porosity.

4. Quantitative Fracture Analysis
270 W
360 N
BOREHOLE
Planar features are expressed by ellipses on borehole walls which are expressed as sine waves
Steepness of ellipses reflect the dip magnitude and orientation
Apparent strike and dip relate to amplitudes and inflections in sine waves
For straight hole:
Dip magnitude is proportional to amplitude of sine wave
Dip azimuth is located at minimum of sine wave
TD: 530 / 2700 W
David Spain (1998)

5. Faults on FMI Fracture Trace TD: 62/304 Normal fault Striking:
N25E-S25W
Down to WNW
Courtesy of Steve Hansen, Schlumberger 8

6. False-Color STAR Image
Oil well in granite.
RED
: Acoustic amplitude
GREEN
Microtopography :
BLUE
Resistivity :
Open fractures are black
Green fracture is filled with
somewhat hard, resistive,
slightly erodible material.
Courtesy A. Lacazette
Depths in meters below arbitrary datum.

7. Different fracture types are different colors in multivariate images.
Courtesy A. Lacazette 2

8. Fracture Summary Logs Dips computed from FMS
Fracture intensity calculated using statistical analysis of images
Fracture aperture (width) calculated (in mm) using resistivity calibration
(Courtesy of Dave Spain)

9. Production Logging Techniques
Lithology
Flowrate
Spinner flowmeters
Temperature logs
Noise Logs
Perfs
FractureWidth
Fracture Density and Porosity
(Courtesy of Dave Spain)

10. Fracture Zone Identification
Seismic attributes
Single
Multiple

11. Study Area
with 3-d
Seismic
Coverage
Lake Maracaibo,
Venezuela

12. Amplitude Map
Top Socuy
Lake Maravaibo,
Venezuela
Note Fault Traces

13. 3-D Seismic data coherency : delineating faults and fractures (Courtesy of Robert Humphreys)
Seismic coherency extracted
along horizon
TWT horizon Structure map

14. Courtesy of S. Agar