1. Cleaner Production Assessment (Chapter 4)
Siarhei Darozhka,
Belarusan National Technical University, Minsk
Borki-Molo, BUP EM Course Teachers Conference,

2. Cleaner Production Definition
Cleaner Production means the continuous application of an integrated
preventative environmental strategy to processes, products and services to
enhance efficiency.
This leads to improved environmental performance, cost savings, and the
reduction of risks to humans and the environment.
For production processes: cleaner production includes conserving raw materials and energy, eliminating toxic raw materials, and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and waste before they leave the process
For products: the strategy focuses on reducing impacts along the entire life cycle of the product, from raw material extraction to the ultimate disposal of the product
For services: using a preventative approach involves design issues, housekeeping improvements and the better selection of material inputs (in the form of products). The selection of what kind of service is to be provided and in what way it leads to varying kinds of environmental impacts

3. Main Reasons to Implement Cleaner Production Programmes
Economical benefit and top-management commitment
Legislative pressure
EMS Programmes

4. Cleaner Production Assessment Methodology

5. Planning and Organizing Cleaner Production Phase
Obtain management commitment
Establish a project team
Develop environmental policy objectives and targets
Plan the Cleaner Production assessment

6. Pre - Assessment Phase Company description and flow chart
- What does the company produce?
- What is the history of the company?
- How is the company organized?
- What are the main processes?
- What are the most important inputs and outputs?
Walk - through inspection
Establish a focus
Pay attention to processes that
- Generate a large quantity of waste and emissions
- Use or produce hazardous chemicals and materials
- Entail a high financial loss
- Have numerous obvious Cleaner Production benefits
- Are considered to be a problem by everyone involved

7. Walk - through Inspection
Questions to be answered during a walk-through inspection:

8. Assessment Phase Collection of quantitative data Material balance
Total material in = material out (product)
+ material out (wastes)
+ material out (emissions)
+ material accumulated
Sources of material balance information
- Samples, analyses, and flow measurements of feed
stocks, products, and waste streams
- Raw material purchase records
- Material inventories
- Emission inventories
- Equipment cleaning and validation procedures
- Batch make-up records
- Product specifications
- Design material balance
- Production records
- Operating logs
- Standard operating procedures and operating manuals
- Waste manifests

9. Flows Sankey Diagram

10. Example: Tips for Reducing Cooling Water
Avoid the need of cooling, use in-process available cool and hot sources, or prevent overheating so that cooling requirements are reduced or eliminated
Eliminate water use in cooling. If ambient temperatures are low enough, possibilities for cooling with air may be beneficial. In some cases, it may require a forced draft (blowing air with fan) for cooling
Reuse cooling water. In most cases the once through water-cooling can be converted to a closed loop system by installing a cooling tower. In the cooling tower, the water is sprayed against a forced draft of air. This cools the water- but, in turn, a portion of water is vaporised. A constant bleed (purge) is needed to keep the contaminants in the loop within acceptable levels. Cooling towers (closed loop system) can result in up to 95 % water conservation as compared to the once-through process, but will of course require investments and energy for operation
Recycle cooling water. Reuse of cooling water for cleaning, washing, boiler make-up (softened), and other in plant uses does not only saves water but also provides (at least marginally) heated water and increases thereby its usability
Do not use higher quality than necessary. Quality requirements are generally lower than for other uses of water

11. Identifying Cleaner Production Opportunities
Identification of Cleaner Production options:
- Literature
- Personal knowledge
- Discussions with suppliers
- Examples in other companies
- Specialized databases
- Further research and development
Generating options:
- Input materials
- Technology
- Execution of the process
- Product
- Waste and emissions
Improving the environmental performance of processes:
- Input material changes or input substitution
- Technology changes or technology modifications
- Good housekeeping or good operating practices
- Product changes or product modifications
- Recycling

12. Record and Sort Options
Example of information recorded for identified options

13. Evaluation and Feasibility Study Phase
Preliminary evaluation
Is the Cleaner Production option available?
Can a supplier be found to provide the necessary equipment or input material?
Are consultants available to help develop an alternative?
Has this Cleaner Production opportunity been applied elsewhere? If so, what have been the results and experience?
Does the option fit in with the way the company is run?

14. Evaluation and Feasibility Study
Technical evaluation
Will the option compromise the company’s product?
What are the consequences for internal logistics, processing time and production planning?
Will adjustments need to be made in other parts of the company?
Does the change require additional training of staff and employees?

15. Example of Technical Evaluation
Insulation manufacture

16. Evaluation and Feasibility Study
Economical evaluation
What are the expected costs and benefits?
Can an estimate of required capital investment be made?
Can an estimate of the financial savings be made, such as reductions in environmental costs, waste treatment costs, material costs or improvements to the quality of the product?

17. Economical Evaluation
Payback period
Net present value (NPV)
Internal rate of return (IRR).

18. Evaluation and Feasibility Study
Environmental evaluation
What is the expected environmental effect of the option?
How significant is the estimated reduction in wastes or emissions?
Will the option affect public or operator health (positive or negative)? If so, what is the magnitude of these effects in terms of toxicity and exposure?

19. Environmental Evaluation
For a good environmental evaluation, the following information is needed:
Changes in amount and toxicity of wastes or emissions
Changes in energy consumption
Changes in material consumption
Changes in degradability of the wastes or emissions
Changes in the extent to which renewable raw materials are used
Changes in the reusability of waste streams and emissions
Changes in the environmental impacts of the product

20. Implementation and Continuation Phase
Preparing an implementation plan (finance, responsibility, documentation, training, etc.)
Implementation selected options (technology, good housekeeping measures, product, services)
Monitoring of performance (monitoring, records, internal audits, management review)
Making Cleaner Production activities sustain (commitment, internal policy, voluntary agreements, regular reports to the interested parties, etc.)

21. Thank you very much for your attention!