1. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

2. Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
Chapter 17
Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
Know the numbers!
A fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago; examples include oil, coal, and natural gas.
Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels.
We use fossil fuels to run cars, ships, planes, and factories and to produce electricity.

3. List of Non-Renewable Resources
1. Fossil Fuels
-Coal
-Natural Gas
-Oil
2. Nuclear Energy

4. Energy Resources and Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are central to life in modern societies, but there are two main problems with fossil fuels.
The supply of fossil fuels is limited.
Obtaining and using them has environmental consequences.
-Using fossil fuels increases the carbon footprint
-Examples of negative consequences:
-Acid Rain
-Global warming (increase in CO2)
-release CFC’s (destroys the ozone layer)

5. How Fossil-Fuel Deposits Form
Fossil fuel deposits are not distributed evenly.
There is an abundance of oil in Texas and Alaska, but very little in Maine.
The eastern United States produces more coal than other areas.
The reason for this difference lies in the geologic history of the areas.

6. Coal Formation
Coal forms from the remains of plants that lived in swamps hundreds of millions of years ago.
As ocean levels rose and fell, swamps were repeatedly covered with sediment.
Layers of sediment compressed the plant remains, and heat and pressure within the Earth’s crust caused coal to form.
Much of the coal in the United States formed about 300 to 250 million years ago.

7. Oil and Natural Gas Formation
Oil and natural gas result from the decay of tiny marine organisms that accumulated on the bottom of the ocean millions of years ago.
These remains were buried by sediments and then heated until they became complex energy-rich carbon molecules.
Over time these molecules migrated into the porous rock formations that now contain them.

8. Nuclear Energy
In the 1950s and 1960s, nuclear power plants were seen as the power source of the future because the fuel they use is clean and plentiful.
In the 1970s and 1980s, however, many planned nuclear power plants were cancelled and others under construction were abandoned.
Today, nuclear power
accounts for 17% of the
world’s electricity.

9. Fission: Splitting Atoms
Nuclear power plants get their power from nuclear energy.
Nuclear energy is the binding energy of the atomic nucleus energy released by a fission or fusion reaction
Fission=split apart Fusion=put together
The forces that hold together a nucleus of an atom are more than 1 million times stronger than the chemical bonds between atoms.
In nuclear power plants, the element uranium is used as the fuel.

10. Fission: Splitting Atoms
The nuclei of uranium atoms are bombarded with atomic particles called neutrons. These collisions cause the nuclei to split in a process called nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission releases a tremendous amount of energy and more neutrons, which in turn collide with more uranium nuclei.

11. Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy from sources that are constantly being formed.
Types of renewable energy includes:
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Biomass
Tidal Power
Wave Power

12. Solar Energy—Power from the Sun
Nearly all renewable energy comes directly or indirectly from the sun.
Direct solar energy is used every day, like when the sun shines on a window and heats a room.
Solar energy can also be used indirectly to generate electricity in solar cells.

13. Passive solar heating
Passive solar heating is the use of sunlight to heat buildings directly.
Large windows that face the sun can be used to heat a home
Active solar heating is the gathering of solar energy by collectors that are used to heat water or heat a building.
A liquid is heated by the sun as it flows through solar collectors.
The hot liquid is then pumped through heat exchangers, which heats water for the building.

14. Photovoltaic Cells
Photovoltaic cells are solar cells that convert the sun’s energy into electricity.
Solar cells have no moving parts, and they run on nonpolluting power from the sun.
However, they produce a very small electrical current. Meeting the electricity needs of a small city would require covering hundreds of acres with solar panels.

15. Wind Power
Energy from the sun warms the Earth’s surface unevenly, which causes air masses to flow (wind)
Wind power, which converts the movement of wind into electric energy, is the fastest growing energy source in the world.

16. Wind Farms
Windmills spin a turbine, which is used to capture the energy from the wind.
Large arrays of wind turbines are called wind farms. Large wind farms supply electricity to thousands of homes.
In windy rural areas, small wind farms with 20 or fewer turbines are also becoming common.
Because wind turbines take up little space, some farmers can add wind turbines to their land and still use the land for other purposes.

17. Biomass—Power from Living Things
Biomass fuel consists of plant material, manure, or any other organic matter that is used as an energy source.
Fossil fuels can be thought of as biomass energy sources, although they are nonrenewable.
Renewable biomass fuels, such as wood and dung, are major sources of energy in developing countries.

18. Methane
When bacteria decompose organic wastes, one byproduct is methane gas.
Methane can be burned to generate heat or electricity.
In China, more than 6 million households use biogas digesters to ferment manure and produce gas for heating and cooking.
Some landfills in the United States generate electricity by using the methane from the decomposition of trash.

19. Alcohol Liquid fuels can also be derived from biomass.
For example, ethanol can be made by fermenting fruit or agricultural waste.
Cars and trucks can run on ethanol or gasohol, a blend of gasoline and ethanol. Gasohol produces less air pollution than fossil fuels.
Some states require the use of gasohol in vehicles as a way to reduce air pollution.

20. Hydroelectricity—Power from Moving Water
Hydroelectric energy is electrical energy produced by falling water.
Hydroelectric energy accounts for 20% of the world’s electricity.
The water in a reservoir is released to turn a turbine in a dam, which generates electricity.

21. Geothermal Energy—Power from the Earth
Geothermal energy is the energy produced by heat within the Earth.
Although geothermal energy is considered a renewable resource, the water that is used must be managed carefully so that it is not depleted.

22. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal power plants generate electricity using the following steps
Steam rises through a well
Steam drives turbines, which generate electricity
Leftover liquid is pumped back into the hot rock
The leftover liquid, water, is returned to Earth’s crust because it can be reheated by geothermal energy and used again.

23. Other terms to know:
-aggregate = The mixture of gravel, sand, and crushed stone which is an extremely
useful construction material.
-carrying capacity = The number of organisms that any given environment can support
-desertification = the rapid depletion of plant life and the loss of topsoil in semiarid regions, usually caused by a combination of drought and the overexploitation of grasses and other vegetation by people.
-peat = a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel.
-Clean Water Act = is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Passed in 1972, the objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.