1. Engineering Geology

2. DEFINITION GEOLOGY Greek Earth Geology = The study of Earth The study of

4. INNER CORE -HOT!!!! – Thought to be as hot as the surface of the Sun! -Solid -Composed of Iron and Nickel

5. OUTER CORE HOT! (but not as hot as the inner core) Liquid Composed of Iron and Nickel

6. MANTLE Still hot! – but not as hot as the core! Largest layer Composed of various materials Solid and liquid

7. CRUST Cool What we live on Composed of rocks, various materials make up the crust Solid or Liquid?

8. Petroleum Geology8 Earth’s Interior CRUST CRUST (~3-70 km thick) Very thin outer rocky shell of Earth Continental crust Continental crust - thicker and less dense Oceanic crust - thinner and more dense MANTLE MANTLE (~2900 km thick) Hot solid that flows slowly over time; Fe-, Mg-, Si-rich minerals CORE CORE (~3400 km radius) Outer core Outer core - metallic liquid; mostly iron Inner core Inner core - metallic solid; mostly iron CRUST MANTLE CORE

9. Petroleum Geology9 INTERIOR OF THE EARTH Radius = 6370 kmDiameter = 12,740 km CORE - MANTLE - CRUST 1. CRUST: 1. CRUST: Layered structure )Granitic) a. Continental about 35 km thick; 60 km in mountain ranges )Granitic) (Basaltic) b. Oceanic: about 5 km (Basaltic) 2.MANTLE: 2. MANTLE: 2885km thick, composed of ultramafic rocks such as peridotite (Mg Fe silicate), kimberlite, eclogite. Solid that flow (plastic behavior) with low velocity zone at 100-250km (seismic wave velocity decreases 3. CORE: Outer core (2270 km thick) Molten Fe with some Ni) Inner core (1216 km radius) Solid Fe with some Ni (

10. Even though 70% of the Earth’s surface is water, there is crust under the water. The water sits on top of the crust!

11. Petroleum Geology11 Earth’s Interior LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE (~100 km thick) Rigid/brittle outer shell of Earth Composed of both crust and uppermost mantle Makes up Earth’s tectonic “platesASTHENOSPHERE Plastic (capable of flow) zone on which the lithosphere “floats”

12. -The Earth’s crust moves!!!!! -The continents have not always been arranged like they are today. - The Earth’s crust is divided into segments called plates.

13. Pangaea Supercontinent that existed 250 million years ago All the land made up 1 continent until its split into the modern day configuration of the continents. Discovered by Alfred Wegner in 1912, but not accepted by the public until after his death in the 1950’s.