1. Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis Funded by Martina Puhlmann, Hubert Jochheim martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

2. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 2 Motive  Consequence of global warming: temperature increase and shift in precipitation from summer to winter for Brandenburg, Germany  Water stress is expected to occur more frequently and prolonged Objective  Assessment of the potential effects of global warming on forests in Brandenburg  focus on water budget Method  Improvement of soil water related processes in BIOME-BGC  Calibration of extended model  Scenario simulations using A2 scenario of IPCC Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

3. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 3 BIOME-BGC Extensions  Management module  Multi-layer soil water module  Changes in precipitation routing  Changes in canopy evaporation and transpiration  Root growth module  Multi-layer soil temperature module  Changes in phenology modul  Distribution of soil organic matter  Changes in decomposition calculations Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

4. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 4 L1L1 L2L2 L3L3 LnLn ●●●● infiltration surface runoff outflow dynamic groundwater capillary rise seepage soil evaporation transpiration water removal out of layers air available water residual water pv fk pwp canopy and stem evaporation snow sublimation LAI vertical root growth throughfall Multi-layer soil water model  One dimensional capacity concept  Variable layer thickness Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

5. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 5 Changes in precipitation routing  Precipitation to canopy & stem according to canopy cover fraction  Maximum storage capacity of canopy / stem is linearly related to LAI / stem C  Residual water is directed to throughfall canopy stem&branches throughfall water snow Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

6. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 6 Canopy evaporation and transpiration  First run of canopy_et without considering water stress  'potential transpiration'  Calculating actual soil evaporation and transpiration in multi-layer soil water part  Calculating water multiplier  ratio actual to potential transpiration  Second run of canopy_et with water multiplier  Not evaporated canopy/stem water is transferred to the next day  Transpiration is not restricted by time of canopy evaporation Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

7. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 7 Soil data ― constants/initial values  Description of soil profile  Profile depth  Horizon sequence  Horizon depth (lower edge) and layer thickness (2, 5, 10, 20cm)  Description of soil horizons  Soil texture (verbal), sand, silt, clay, stone content  Organic carbon content  pH(H 2 O)  Bulk density  Pore volume, field capacity, permanent wilting point  Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

8. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 8 Calibration ― sites location Germany ©2007 Google Berlin European beech Scots pine ©2007 Google Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

9. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 9 Calibration ― used data  Vegetation  Stem C, growth measurements  litterfall measurements, LAI  C/N ratios of leafs and leafs after retranslocation  phenology data  Soil  TDR & FD measurements (soil moisture)  Soil temperature measurements  Soil carbon content  Basic soil data (texture, field capacity, bulk density, …) Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

10. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 10 Calibration ― simulation European beechScots pine Age at beginning [a]6335 Age at end [a]11874 Available Water (1m) [mm]71113 Texturesandsand  weather station Neuglobsow start beech 1951 start pine 1967 2006 Calibration Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

11. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 11 Calibration results ― throughfall European beechScots pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

12. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 12 Calibration results ― transpiration Sap flow measurements, beech, year 2003 Beech Pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

13. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 13 Calibration results ― soil moisture in 20cm Scots pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

14. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 14 Calibration results ― soil moisture in 70cm European beech Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

15. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 15 Scenario ― weather data BaselineScenario Temperature [°C] 8.0 9.7 Precipitation [mm a -1 ]602542 Vapour pressure deficit [Pa]458434 Solar radiation [W m -2 ]194205 CO 2 [ppm]381 ↑ 499  weather station Neuglobsow start beech 1951 start pine 1967 2006 Baseline  rerun weather data 1968 to 2006  regional A2 IPCC weather data 20072045 Scenario Calibration Comparison 2036 - 2045 Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

16. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 16 Scenario ― water budget ― mean of years 2036 to 2045 European beechScots pine -41%-71% Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

17. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 17 Scenario ― stomatal conductance water multiplier ― mean of years 2036 to 2045 European beechScots pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

18. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 18 Scenario ― carbon sequestration ― mean of years 2036 to 2045 Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

19. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 19 Summary  Calibration  The new multi-layer model was successfully calibrated  Understory vegetation is an important factor for transpiration  Need for a multi-vegetation model  Scenarios  Reduced precipitation leads to a decrease in throughfall and outflow  Outflow reduction is higher for Scots pine than for European beech  Increasing water stress  For the considered period increase in solar radiation and CO 2 compensates for decrease in precipitation  Higher NPP and NEP Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

20. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 20 Layer specific critical soil moisture & transpiration reduction factor Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

21. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 21 Infiltration (I) and surface runoff (SR)  Sources of I are through fall and snowmelt  Calculation of SR (Holtan) by using ‘reduced’ ks, moisture deficit, porosity and soil water content Seepage / outflow (Glugla) and dynamic groundwater (GW)  Unsaturated zone  Water above field capacity is percolating (last layer = outflow)  Percolation according to an empirical factor (can be estimated from ks)  If layer above GW is filled with water, GW table is rising one layer  Saturated zone  Soil is filled with water (up to pore volume)  Water above pore volume is totally directed to seepage and outflow Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

22. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 22 Capillary rise (German soil classification, KA5)  Is depending on texture, bulk density, distance to groundwater table and soil water content of the respective layer Evaporation (E) and transpiration (T)  Snow sublimation according to radiation and latent heat of sublimation  Potential E and T calculated by using the Penman-Monteith equation  Separate calculations for soil and canopy/stem evaporation  Separate calculation for transpiration  Actual E and T (Koitzsch and Günther)  Water extraction out of layers according to a density function  Separate functions for E and T  Root distribution function and root depth, evaporation function and depth  Layer dependent critical soil water content and reduction factor  Storage pool for canopy and stem water for next day evaporation Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

23. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 23 Multi-layer soil temperature model  Upper boundary  fitted function considering air temperature, previous day soil temperature, radiation, canopy cover, evapotranspiration  Lower boundary  Yearly temperature course (sinus curve) considering mean annual air temperature  Temperature calculations  Solving the heat flow equation for one dimensional vertical transport  Volumetric heat capacity of the soil according to volumetric fractions of soil constituents  Heat conductance by using a statistical approach Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

24. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 24 Calibration results ― canopy evaporation European beechScots pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

25. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 25 Calibration results ― soil moisture in 20cm European beech Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

26. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 26 Calibration results ― Scots pine Soil water content in 70cm Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application

27. martina.puhlmann@zalf.de Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Landscape Systems Analysis 27 Scenario ― stomatal conductance temperature multiplier ― mean of years 2036 to 2045 Scots pine Implementation of a Multi-Layer Soil Model Into BIOME-BGC - Calibration and Application