1. Agricultural & Environmental Lab. Water quality testing II: PCR-based testing for water bacterial contaminants The Islamic University Faculty of Science Biotechnology Dep. الجامعة الاسلامية – غزة كلية العلوم قسم التكنولوجيا الحيوية

2. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to use PCR to determine the quality of water and to detect and monitor the presence of bacterial contaminants in environmental bodies of water.

3. Water pollution is a major worldwide health problem and thus an essential subject area for incorporation into health education (specifically biology and ecology courses). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over nine million deaths annually are attributed to waterborne diseases, occurring mostly in developing countries.

4. It is projected that 38% of those deaths occur in children afflicted with diarrhea. Furthermore, the WHO estimates that 80% of all worldwide infectious disease is due to unsafe water sanitation. Typical infections are cholera, giardiasis, hepatitis, shigellosis, typhoid, and acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI).

5. Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water faecally contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water faecally contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients.

6. giardiasis The Life Cycle of Giardia Lamblia

7. Giardia lamblia cyst

8. Entamoeba histolytica Life cycle the cysts can survive days to weeks in the external environment and are responsible for transmission Trophozoites passed in the stool are rapidly destroyed once outside the body

10. Entamoeba histolytica CYST 10 – 15 µM trophozoite15 to 20 µm. cyst will have 1 to 4 nuclei. In addition, the peripheral chromatin is generally evenly distributed.

11. Shigella bacteria can contaminate food and water supplies, especially in areas where the sanitation is not adequate. However, most of the time the bacteria are spread when a person comes into contact with another person's stool (poop). That's one of the reasons why it's important to wash your hands after using the restroom. It takes as few as 10 of these bacteria to cause an infection. That means that Shigella bacteria can spread easily within families, schools, child-care centers, nursing homes, and other institutions Shigella bacteria can contaminate food and water supplies, especially in areas where the sanitation is not adequate. However, most of the time the bacteria are spread when a person comes into contact with another person's stool (poop). That's one of the reasons why it's important to wash your hands after using the restroom. It takes as few as 10 of these bacteria to cause an infection. That means that Shigella bacteria can spread easily within families, schools, child-care centers, nursing homes, and other institutionswash your handswash your hands shigellosis

12. The bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the intestinal wall, and bloody diarrhea. Symptoms can range from just watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain The bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the intestinal wall, and bloody diarrhea. Symptoms can range from just watery diarrhea to bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain

13. Typhoid Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease, caused by Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of infected people. Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease, caused by Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of infected people. Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after exposure, and may be mild or severe. They include high fever, malaise, headache, constipation or diarrhoea, rose-coloured spots on the chest, and enlarged spleen and liver. Healthy carrier state may follow acute illness. Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after exposure, and may be mild or severe. They include high fever, malaise, headache, constipation or diarrhoea, rose-coloured spots on the chest, and enlarged spleen and liver. Healthy carrier state may follow acute illness.

14. Acute gastrointestinal illness AGI Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) is caused by a variety of different agents and conditions and comprises a constellation of symptoms that may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal cramps, fever, and other systemic symptoms. Because of its various causes and variable symptomatology, no standard definition of AGI has been presented in the medical literature, making comparisons of studies difficult.

17. WHAT IS CRYPTOSPORIDIUM? Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasite that can infect man and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. The organism can be acquired from contaminated food, milk, drinking water, poorly maintained swimming pools, farm animals and other infected people. It exists within the gut cells of a host and later in its life cycle is excreted in stools in the form of ‘oocysts’, the infectious form of the parasite.

19. oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum

26. PCR