1. Ch. 17: Demand and Supply in Factor Markets  The firm’s choice of the quantities of labor and capital to employ.  People’s choices of the quantities of labor and capital to supply.  Explain how wages and interest rates are determined in competitive resource markets

2. Factor Prices and Incomes Factors of production –resources used to produce goods and services. –The 4 factors of production Labor Capital Land Entrepreneurship

3. Factor Prices and Incomes Factor prices determine incomes: – Labor earns wages. – Capital earns interest. – Land earns rent. – Entrepreneurship earns normal profit. – Economic profit/loss to to owner of the firm.

4. Factor Prices and Incomes Income earned by the owner of a factor of production equals the equilibrium price multiplied by the equilibrium quantity.

5. Factor Prices and Incomes Effect of increases in factor demand: – Factor price rises – Income rises Increase in price/quantity depends on elasticity of supply Effect of increases in factor supply: – Factor price falls – Income could rise or fall depending on demand elasticity

6. Suppose that the demand for carpenters decreases. If the supply of carpenters is more inelastic, the wage rate for carpenters will fall (more, less) and the equilibrium employment of carpenters will fall (more, less). 30 1.more; more 2.more; less 3.less; more 4.less; less.

7. Suppose that the supply of carpenters decreases. If the demand for carpenters is inelastic, the percentage increase in the wage rate will be (greater, less) than the percentage decrease in employment and the total income of carpenters will (rise, fall). 30 1.Greater; rise 2.Greater; fall 3.Less; rise. 4.Less; fall

8. Labor Markets Allocate labor and the price of labor is the real wage rate (the wage rate adjusted for the price level). In 2002, labor earned 72 percent of total income in the United States. Source: St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank

9. Wages by Occupation (May 2007) Hourly wageAnnual Earnings All$18.84$39,190 Management$44.20$91,930 Legal$41.04$85,360 Computer and mathematical$33.29$69,240 Architecture and engineering$31.82$66,190 Healthcare practitioners and technical$29.82$62,030 Education, training, and library$21.79$45,320 Construction and extraction$18.89$39,290 Installation, maintenance, and repair$18.78$39,060 Protective service$17.81$37,040 Sales and related$16.52$34,350 Office and administrative support$14.60$30,370 Transportation and material moving$14.16$29,460 Healthcare support$11.83$24,610 Personal care and service$11.02$22,920 Building, grounds cleaning, &maintenance$10.86$22,580 Food preparation and serving related$8.86$18,430 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

10. Source: Forbes Magazine, 2008. Most Lucrative College Majors

12. The Demand for Labor A firm’s demand for labor is a derived demand – derived from the demand for the goods or services produce by the factor. The marginal revenue product of labor (MRP L )  change in total revenue that results from employing one more unit of labor.  MRP L = MP L  MR = MP L X P if perfect competition

13. Labor Demand Curve L (no. of workers) TPMP TR if P=MR=4 MRP if P=MR=4 00 15 29 312 414 515

14.  MRP falls as L increases because of law of diminishing marginal returns.  Firm should hire more labor if MRP L > W and stop when MRP L =W  How many workers should firm hire if  Wage = $8  Wage = $12 Labor Demand Curve

15. Given the information below, if the firm hires 3 workers, what is total product? 30 LMP 110 28 36 44

16. If P=$2 and W=$10, increasing L from 2 to 3 would cause profits to 30 1.Decrease $8 2.Decrease $5 3.Increase $2 4.Increase $8 LMP 110 28 36 44

17. If P=$2 and W=$10, how many workers should this firm hire to maximize profits? 30 LMP 110 28 36 44 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4

18. –The marginal revenue product curve for labor is the demand curve for labor. –“consumer’s surplus” in labor market = increase in profits from hiring labor. Labor Demand Curve

19. Equivalence of Two Conditions for Profit Maximization MRP L = W (profit-maximizing level of employment)  MR  MP = W.  MR = W/MP. But W/MP = MC  MR = MC (profit maximizing level of output) Labor Demand Curve

20. The demand for labor (MRP L ) rises and the demand for labor curve shifts if:  The price of the firm’s output rises (MR rises)  Worker productivity rises (MP rises)  The prices of other factors of production change Substitution effects Scale effects  Technology changes (could increase or decrease demand for labor) Labor Demand Curve

21. Market Demand –The market demand for labor is obtained by summing the quantities of labor demanded by all firms at each wage rate. –Because each firm’s demand for labor curve slopes downward, so does the market demand curve. Labor Demand Curve

22. Elasticity of Demand for Labor – The labor intensity of the production process – The elasticity of demand for the product – The substitutability of capital for labor Importance of elasticity of labor demand – Minimum wage effects – Power of unions – Effects of immigration on wages Labor Demand Curve

23. Suppose you earn $20 per hour and work 40 hours per week. If your wage increases to $30 per hour, how would you want to adjust your work hours? 30 1.Work more 2.Work less 3.Work same

24. Labor Supply As wage rate rises, –Substitution effect The opportunity cost of leisure increases with the wage, people buy less leisure and work more. –Income effect As wage rate rises, person is richer, buys more leisure, and works less. –Net effect: work more if SE>IE work less if SE<IE

25. Backward-bending supply of labor curve –At low wage rates, SE> IE and QS rises as wage rises. –At high wage rates, IE>SE and QS falls as wage rises. –The individual labor supply curve slopes upward at low wage rates but eventually bends backward at high wage rates. –The market labor supply curve is obtained by summing each individual’s supply curve of labor. Labor Supply

26. –The backward bending supply curve for individuals, and the eventually backward bending market supply curve. Labor Supply

27. Changes in the supply of labor –The adult population changes –Immigration – Home technology. – Social insurance (welfare, Social Security, etc.) – Taxes The Laffer curve Labor Supply

28. Labor Markets Labor Market Equilibrium LS LD Wage Hours of labor

29. Effects of Labor Market Shocks –Increase in demand for autos –Increased tax rate on employees. –Reduced cost of capital (or technological innovations) that can substitute for labor. – Increased immigration. Substitutes for immigrants versus complements. – More generous welfare or Social Security programs.

30. Labor Markets Theory of Compensating Differences. –Equally skilled workers will receive differential pay if jobs differ in terms of “non-pecuniary aspects”. –Example: Suppose all workers are equally skilled and get a safe job that pays $10 per hour. If some employers have risky jobs, how much must they pay to attract workers? What does labor supply curve look like for risky jobs? Graphic representation of compensating difference.

31. Labor Markets –Other examples of compensating difference “night shift” dirty jobs jobs with high unemployment risk jobs that require higher level of education –Other labor market applicatons. Why did the education premium grow? Would a higher minimum wage reduce poverty?

32. Capital Markets Capital markets –the channels through which firms obtain financial resources to buy physical factors of production that economists call capital. –available financial resources come from savings. –real interest rate is the return on capital and is the “price” determined in the capital market. –real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.

33. The Demand for Capital A firm’s demand for financial capital (borrowed funds) stems from its demand for physical capital. The firm employs the quantity of physical capital that makes the marginal revenue product of capital equal to the price of the capital. The returns to capital come in the future, but capital must be paid for in the present. So the firm must convert the future marginal revenue product of capital to a present value.

34. Discounting and Present Value –Discounting is converting a future amount of money into a present value. –The PV of a future amount of money is the amount that, if invested today at the interest rate r will grow to be as large as that future amount. The Demand for Capital

35. If the interest rate for one period is r, then the amount of money a person has one year in the future is: FV = PV + (r  PV) = PV  (1 + r)  PV = FV/(1 + r)  FV in T-years = PV*(1+r) T  PV = FV in T-years/ (1+r) T The Demand for Capital

36. What is PV of $100 that will be paid in 5 years if the interest rate is 5%? (round to nearest $) 30

37. Assuming 5% interest, what is PV of $100 per year over the next 3 years if first payment is one year from today? As interest rate rises, what happens to PV of future stream of income? The Demand for Capital

38. NPV =PV(Income) –PV(Cost) If NPV>0, buying the capital is profitable Example: Buy a machine today for $5000. It will generate revenue of $3000 in one year and another $3000 in two years and has a scrap value of $500 at the end of the two years. What is the NPV if the interest rate is: –0%5%20% Net Present Value

39. –Higher interest rate lowers NPV of capital. –As the interest rate rises, fewer projects have positive NPV and the quantity of capital demanded decreases. The Demand for Capital

40. Factors shifting the demand for capital –New technology –Expectations of future profits from capital –Taxes –Depreciation schedules Population (capital/labor ratio) NOT interest rates (moves along curve) The Demand for Capital

41. Supply of Capital The quantity of capital supplied results from people’s savings decisions. As interest rates rise, people are encouraged to save more.

42. Supply of Capital Changes in supply of capital caused by: – The size and age distribution of the population – Taxes on saving versus consumption. – Expectations of future income relative to current income. –NOT by changes in interest rates.

43. Capital Markets Equilibrium occurs at the interest rate that makes the quantity of capital demanded equal the quantity of capital supplied.

44. Because of the recent stock market collapse, many households have decided that it’s necessary to increase their rate of saving. This should cause an increase in ____ and ____ interest rates. 30 1.Capital supply; lower 2.Capital supply; higher 3.Capital demand; lower 4.None of the above.

45. Because of pessimistic outlooks for future consumer demand, many firms have decided that new capital purchases are not likely to be profitable at this point. This would cause 30 1.Higher capital supply and lower interest rates 2.Lower capital supply and higher interest rates 3.Lower capital demand and higher interest rates 4.Lower capital demand and lower interest rates.