1. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 1

2. 2 Deformation of the Crust Stress –Force that causes pressure in the rocks of the earth’s crust Strain –Change in the shape or volume of rocks from stress

3. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 3 Rock Layers Experience shearing compression tension

4. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 4 Folding When rock becomes permanently deformed without breaking –Anticline –Syncline –Monocline

5. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 5 Anticline When rock layers are folded and uplifted into arch like patterns

6. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 6 Syncline Downward folds like a bowl Or sink

7. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 7 Monocline Gently dipping fold in the rock layers

8. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 8 Faulting Fault –Break in rock –Rocks on either side of the break move Fracture –Break in rock with no movement.

9. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 9 Folds Vs. Faults

10. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 10 Footwall & Hanging Wall

11. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 11 Normal Fault Fault plane is 45° or more Hanging wall drops relative to the footwall Divergent boundaries

12. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 12 Reverse Fault Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall Due to compression Fault plane is 45°

13. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 13 Thrust Fault Special kind of reverse fault Fault angle is less than 45°

14. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 14 Strike Slip

15. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 15 Reverse Normal Thrust Blind Thrust Strike Slip Oblique

16. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 16 Mountain Formation Smallest to Biggest –Mountain –Mountain range –Mountain system –Mountain belt

17. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 17 Mountain Belts Evidence that mountains are created when lithospheric plates collide Name some examples Appalachians? –Formed where plates collided in the past

18. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 18 Folded Mountains Formed when tectonic movements have squeezed the rock layers together like an accordion

19. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 19

20. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 20 Fault Block Mountain Formed when faulting breaks the Earth’s crust into large sections The sections are uplifted and tilted

21. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 21

22. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 22 Fault Block Mountain and Graben

23. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 23 Grabens long narrow valley formed by faulting and downward slippage of a crustal block

24. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 24 Volcanic Mountains Formed when molten rock erupts onto the earth’s surface

25. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 25 Dome mountains Created when molten rock pushes up rock layers on the Earth’s surface Then the layers then are worn away in places, leaving separate high peaks.

26. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 26

27. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 27 Earthquake vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy

28. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 28 Elastic Rebound Theory explains the cause of earthquakes.

29. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 29 Elastic Rebound Theory

30. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 30 Elastic Rebound Theory Rocks are moving slowly on either side of a fault if the fault is locked in place, stress in the rocks increases Rocks that are strained past a certain point will fracture, move, and spring back to their original shape

31. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 31 Locked When friction prevents the rocks on either side of a fault from sliding past each other

32. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 32 Geologists use the elastic rebound theory to explain a. the cause of tsunamis b. the speed of seismic waves c. the intensity of an earthquake d. the cause of an earthquake

33. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 33 Which of the following best describes aftershocks? a. a series of small tremors occurring after a major quake b. seismic waves that cannot travel through liquid c. areas along a fault where slippage and fracturing first occur d. giant ocean waves that originate at a fault line

34. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 34 Most earthquakes occur along or near the edges of the earth’s – lithospheric plates Fault Zone – group of interconnected faults

35. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 35 San Andreas Fault Zone has formed where the edge of the Pacific plate is slipping north along the North American plate

36. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 36 San Andreas Fault zone

37. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 37 Aftershocks tremor that follows a major earthquake is smaller Caused or related to the major earthquake

38. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 38 Focus zone along a fault where slippage first occurs produces an earthquake 0rigin of the quake

39. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 39 Epicenter point on the Earth’s directly above the focus of an earthquake May or may not be the point of greatest shaking, most damage

40. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 40 Focus and Epicenter

41. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 41 The place where slippage first occurs is called an earthquake’s a. focus b. epicenter c. dip plane d. fracture

42. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 42 Seismograph instrument for recording seismic waves

43. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 43 Seismograph

44. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 44 Seismograph

45. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 45 Modern Day Seismograph

46. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 46 Richter Scale Measure of the magnitude of a quake, or energy released 31.7 times more energy is released for every whole number 3.1 to 5.1? 31.7 x 31.7 = approx. 1000

47. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 47 Which seismic wave is the fastest? a. P waves

48. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 48 Seismic Waves

49. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 49 P wavesS wavesL waves SpeedFastestMiddleSlowest Amp- litude SmallestMiddleLargest PeriodShortestMiddleLongest MediumSolid, gas, liquid SolidsOn the Surface

50. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 50 Earth Quake Location

51. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 51 Earth Quake Location

52. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 52 Earth Quake Location

53. Earthquakes and Deformation of the Crust 53 What is the difference in strength between an earthquake that measures 4.5 versus one that measures 5.5 on the Richter scale? a. 1b. 10c. 100 d. 1000