1. Earth Structure Basic layers Layered surface structure Spreading centers Subduction zones Hot Spots Transform faults Evidence Animations

4. Surface Layer Structure

5. All plate motions can be described by thinking about the movement of plates on a sphere.

7. Spreading Centers

10. Spreading centers form the longest mountain chain in the world, almost 60,000 km. They are areas of recently formed ocean crust, and have reasonable levels of shallow seismicity.

11. Subduction Zones

12. Note that Earth is density stratified, that is, each deeper layer is denser than the layer above. At the Peru-Chile Trench, the oceanic lithosphere is much denser than the continental lithosphere, so it sinks down into the mantle

13. Subduction zones are areas where plates collide, usually resulting in very deep earthquakes.

14. Ocean islands and basins can both be created and destroyed. Destruction occurs when two pieces of continental lithosphere or island arc collide: they accrete to each other and the basin between is destroyed. This process also brings old seafloor (ophiolites) up onto continent edges.

15. Hot Spots

16. Hot spots are areas of mantle “plumes” where hot material is rising to the surface from deep within the mantle. Plate movements over a hot spot form island chains, such as the Hawaiian Island- Emperor Seamount Chain in the Pacific Ocean.

17. Transform Faults

18. Transform faults form connections between spreading centers and subduction zones -- they are where plate boundaries are moving in opposite, but parallel directions.

19. Pacific NW has it all! 5 plates Subduction zones Spreading center (JdF Ridge) Transform faults Ophiolites (Olympics) Deep & shallow earthquakes Subduction volcanoes NEPTUNE - proposed regional cabled observatory - see http://www.neptune.washington.edu

20. Plate Tectonics: Topography

21. Plate Tectonics: Volcanoes

22. Plate Tectonics: Earthquakes

23. Plate Tectonics: Seafloor Age

24. Magnetic anomalies remain from switch in magnetic polar direction over time...left distinct pattern on both seafloor and some rocks on continents.

25. The Integrated Picture

26. The breakup of Pangaea, a “Super Continent” is responsible for the current plate configuration.breakup

27. Plate Motions through time