1. Non-traditional fossil fuels Carbon sequestration

2. http://www.ienearth.org/archives/Dec2008_4/images/Oil_sands_open_pit_mining.jpg http://randsco.com/_img/blog/0602/tarSandMap.jpg Tar sands 175 billion barrels proven recoverable reserves. (US used about 6.3 billion barrels in 2008) Significant environmental impacts? Tar sands and ‘heavy oil. Petroleum that has lost lower molecular weight compounds.

3. http://www.treehugger.com/tar-sands-protest-action-080729.jpg http://www.treehugger.com/20090626-hillary-clinton-tar-sands-cartoon.jpg http://willyloman.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/tar-sands-before-after.jpg Environmental concerns include: water use local ecosystem impacts carbon dioxide emissions

4. www.friendlyinnovators.com/images/oilshale.jpg 500 billion barrels of recoverable reserves in the western U.S. (US used about 6.3 billion barrels of crude oil in 2008) http://radio.weblogs.com/0101170 /images/science/shelloilshaleprocess2.jpg http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/blogs/greeninc/oilshaleprod.jpeg

5. http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/images/Hap%20cartoon.jpg www.treehugger.com/2008/06/22-week/ Oil shale: water use in an arid climate waste rock from retorting ecosystem disruption – surface mining carbon dioxide emissions

6. http://www.energyjustice.net/naturalgas/cbm/figureI-24.jpg Coal bed methane US has ~ 20 TCF of proven reserves US used ~23 TCF in 2008 www.energyindustryphotos.com/horizontal_drill. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/trans/figs1.gif

7. http://www.deq.state.mt.us/CoalBedMethane/images/P0000430.jpg www.deq.state.mt.us/CoalBedMethane/photos.asp http://www.meic.org/images/water-quality/clarren.jpg CBM water extraction in near-surface aquifer systems treatment fluids from horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing

8. Methane clathrate http://www.blog.speculist.com/archives/methanehydrate.jpg http://www.gns.cri.nz/research/gashydrates/images/methphase.jpg hypography.com/.../16398-methane.html http://i.treehugger.com/images/2007/10/24/methane%20clathrate-jj-001.jpg http://chem.ps.uci.edu/~kcjanda/Group/images/4cages.jpg potential for significant, uncontrolled methane emission

9. http://www.cleancoalucg.com/gfx/charts/ucg-fig1.jpg Underground (in situ) coal gasification https://www.llnl.gov/str/April07/gifs/fire2.jpg Injection of oxygen and water. Ignition, production of ‘syngas’. runaway underground fires technical feasibility

10. 196.33.85.14/cgs_inter/index.php?option=com_c... Geological Carbon Sequestration

11. Subsea Carbon Sequestration http://www.emilylynn.net/index_files/image002.jpg http://esd.lbl.gov/CLIMATE/OCEAN/images/991020DOCSsummary-3.gif Carbon dioxide is removed from the surface oceans naturally by photosynthesis; some amount of the fixed carbon is preserved as sediment – perhaps to become part of the intermediate carbon cycle. Can this amount be increased by ocean surface fertilization using iron, etc? Can carbon dioxide liquid be released into the deep ocean by direct injection?