1. Hurricanes

2. And finally… JOURNAL COLLECTION How they develop What they’re like Where to find them Andrew or Isabel Important test and other information

3. Tropical Wave in the Easterlies

4. Conditions for Tropical Wave Development The wave must be north or south of the equator. –Coriolis force is zero at the equator. Conditional Instability Weak vertical shear –This is different from what we want in the mid- latitudes. Warm sea-surface temperatures (SST) –Typically SSTs are greater than 26 o C

5. Hurricane Development Convergence at the surface leads to convergence of moisture. The convection or thunderstorms that form release latent heat which intensifies the surface low. The warm core column of air will create an upper level high pressure center. The weak shear allows the storm to remain vertical and allows for the latent heat release to enhance the surface low.

6. Tropical Wave Development Tropical Disturbance –A collection of thunderstorms with a slight circulation. Tropical Depression –Closed circulation –Wind speeds between 20-34 knots. Tropical Storm –Closed circulation –Wind speeds between 35-64 knots. –The storm is named.

7. A Developing Tropical Depression! TD #2

8. Hurricane Development L H Heating The energy for the growth of the storm comes from the ocean (evaporation). Low shear will keep the heating in the core to remain above the surface convergence. Strong shear would rip the storm apart.

9. Hurricane Development L L H Strong Heating As the winds increase, the ocean surface becomes “rougher” and friction is added to the balance of forces. This friction enhances surface convergence. Strong Convergence

10. Hurricane Structure This feedback mechanism continues as long as the favorable conditions for hurricane growth continue to exist.

11. Growth, Intensity, Cloud Structure Hurricanes build high cloud towers right before they intensify. The clouds in this picture have reached 59,000 feet above sea level. The image was taken by radar aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission spacecraft. Hurricane Bonnie – www.discovery.comwww.discovery.com

12. Hurricane Development This feedback mechanism is called CISK: –Conditional Instability of the Second Kind The Eye is the central region of the hurricane. –It is often cloud free and has relatively calm winds. –The eye is associated with subsidence that, in the strongest storms, keeps the eye cloud-free.

13. Eye of the Storm

14. Eye of the Hurricane The eye is an area of calm at the center of the storm Around the eye is the eye-wall This is where the strongest winds and heaviest rain is found

15. No eye NOAA-12 AVHRR Channel 3

16. Birthplaces of Hurricanes Hurricane birthplaces are near the equator but between 5-15 degrees latitude away from the equator. The paths tend to be easterly as the hurricanes develop and grow.

17. Hurricane Naming For some strange reason hurricanes are given names The lists are drawn up in advance and annual seasons start with a storm beginning with A Typhoons are given alphanumeric codes Hurricanes that bring back bad memories have their names retired

18. Other stuff Test: Pencil, eraser, ID (nothing else) Atmos majors please stay behind (for the last time) Justin’s office hours next week –MTW 12 – 2pm

19. Hurricane Tracking and Forecasting using GOES

20. Hurricane hunters

21. Hurricane hazards Strong Winds Typical hurricane winds are about 90 mph Winds can reach 200 mph Hurricanes are often found to have tornadoes within them

22. Hurricane hazards Storm surge –Atmospheric pressures at the center of hurricanes is very low (have been measured below 900mb) –This low pressure makes the sea surface rise –This can cause coastal flooding Waves –The strong winds can generate very large waves

23. Hurricane hazards Intense and prolonged rainfall over the coastal area can cause rivers to flood The combination of raised sea level, high waves and river flooding creates the greatest danger from hurricanes

24. Area Covered NOAA-12 AVHRR Channel 3

26. Saffir-Simpson Scale CatPressure (mb) Wind speed (mph) Storm surge (ft) Damage 1>98074-954-5Minimal 2965-97996-1106-8Moderate 3945-964111-1309-12Extensive 4920-944131-15513-18Extreme 5<920>155>18Catastrophic

27. Hurricane tracking Hurricanes move in curved paths from east to west They typically have speeds of about 15 mph They last for several days We should, therefore, be able forecast where they’re going But they sometimes make unexpected, sharp turns!

28. Summary Hurricanes are the most powerful storms Single hurricanes can cause more devastation than any other form of weather The great red spot on Jupiter is a hurricane