1. Basalt Petrogenesis: The Definitive Review Fraser Cameron Department of Things that Move Quickly Stanford University March 6 th, 2009

2. Cool Volcanic Facts Classic Geology in Europe: Iceland by Thor Thordarson & Armann Hoskuldsson

3. Cool Volcanic Facts Classic Geology in Europe: Iceland by Thor Thordarson & Armann Hoskuldsson

4. Source “Origin of Icelandic basalts: A review of their petrology and geochemistry” – By Olgeir Sigmarsson and Sigurdur Steinthorsson – Journal of Geodynamics 2007 Very thorough with 114 references

5. Conclusion I/IV At least three mantle components are needed to explain the radiogenic isotope ratios of the basalts. Mixtures of melts derived from a depleted upper mantle, the enriched mantle plume, and recycled oceanic crust can account for all of the isotope constraints.

6. Conclusion II/IV Variable proportions of melts from recycled crust in the form of garnet pyroxenite are likely to be controlled by temperature variations between the hotter mantle plume relative to the ambient mantle. Signature of garnet pyroxenites appear to be strongest in the alkali basalts, decreasing inland towards Central Iceland.

7. Conclusion III/IV Composition of melt inclusions in the most primitive phenocrysts reveal large variability of mantle melts that range from the products of high-degree melting of a depleted mantle source to calcium-rich melts and low- 18 O melts that strongly suggest the presence of recycled crust in the Iceland mantle.

8. Conclusion IV/IV Lithological heterogeneity is likely to be widespread in the mantle representing abundant pyroxenites interspersed with lherzolite. The physical and chemical characteristics of such pyroxenites are different from those of the enclosing lherzolites.