1. Lecture 21: Hurricanes Typhoons (Western Pacific) Tropical Cyclones (anywhere) Cyclones (Indian Ocean + others) Hurricanes (near N. America) 4/22/03

2. Cool Video http://www.open- video.org/results.php?VideoTitle=Anatomy +of+a+Hurricanehttp://www.open- video.org/results.php?VideoTitle=Anatomy +of+a+Hurricane (50 MB!!!) Cool site: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/index.shtml

3. Anatomy—Spiral bands and eye Spiral bands Eye wall Surface flow (convergence) Subsidence Eye Divergence aloft

4. Anatomy—Spiral bands and eye Spiral bands Eye wall Surface flow (convergence) Subsidence Eye Divergence aloft

5. Anatomy 1.Outflow aloft 2.Feeder bands (spiral bands) 3.Eyewall 4.Eye

6. Anatomy

8. Eye Hurricanes only Strongest ones have very tight eyes (10 mi?) Centrifuge effect of sorts keeps stuff out of eye Slack winds Lowest pressure Subsidence Birds!! Surrounded by eye wall

9. Eye wall movie

10. Eye Wall

11. Strongest winds Heaviest rains Strongest lift Very little lightning! (why?)

12. Eye Wall (radar—Andrew)

13. Spiral Bands Outer part of the storm Many tornadoes, thunderstorms Winds may not be hurricane strength Not very well understood—why bands of something and then nothing? Lift in bands, subsidence in gaps

16. Hurricane formation

17. Sea surface temperatures for NH Summer

18. Hurricane Steering

22. L H

23. Hurricane Frequency 90% between August-October (N. Atlantic) “Season” is June 1 – November 30

24. Life cycle of a hurricane Required for hurricane formation: –Surface temperature > 78ºF (25.5ºC) to at least 60 m depth –At least 5º away from the equator to get started, more (8-9º) to become a hurricane –Weak, uniform winds, no wind shear –Upper level support

25. Warm water Supplies moisture More importantly, it supplies LATENT HEAT Latent heat of condensation is THE source of energy for a hurricane. Must be deep (60 m) or the hurricane will stir up some colder water

26. Coriolis force Must be outside of 5º to get started or 8º -9º to really get going. Otherwise, there’s not enough spin, and air travels directly from high to low pressure

27. Weak, uniform winds Wind shear will tear apart a hurricane To get good vertical development, it all needs to occur in the same spot—can’t have it getting all slanted on us! This is why El Nino means few hurricanes (strong shear—Westerlies aloft) while La Nina means many hurricanes in the N. Atlantic (weak shear)

28. Upper level support Must have divergence aloft or the hurricane fountain can’t get going nor will it keep going.

29. Beginnings Easterly wave –Tropics are RIPE!!! No thermal differences No pressure differences –Look for convergence in winds!!! Or a castoff from the ITCZ Streamlines

30. Tropical Disturbances 90% of these die out If, at any time, wind shear, cold water, or land are encountered, the whole thing stops. Some form a closed circulation, and are able to continue to strengthen—a tropical depression

31. Spinning up Circulation begins in a weak tropical disturbance A WARM CORE develops from all the latent heat. Winds converge toward the center… –Accumulating more moisture –Which creates more storms & more intense storms –Pressure near tropopause starts to increase—divergence aloft—in response to latent heat release.

32. Hurricane transition Some tropical depressions intensify to become tropical storms About half of those go on to become hurricanes

34. Fates Hurricane can: –Go over land (fizzle) –Lose upper level support (fizzle) –Encounter wind shear (fizzle) –Wander over cooler waters (fizzle) –Turn into an extratropical cyclone w/ fronts –Get sucked up into an extratropical cyclone

35. Landfall!

37. What the heck is that? A subtropical storm Has some features of tropical, some features of extratropical storms