1. Nonrenewable Energy Chapter 15

2. Net Energy  Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amount of energy needed to make it available is subtracted.

3. Fig. 15-1a, p. 374 Nuclear power 8% Geothermal, solar, wind biomass 2% Hydropower 3% Natural gas 28% Coal 22% Oil 37% 5% U.S. Energy sources

4. Core Case Study: How Long Will Supplies of Conventional Oil Last?  Oil: energy supplier  How much is left? When will we run out?  Three options Look for more Reduce oil use and waste Use other energy sources  No easy solutions

5. How Should We Evaluate Energy Resources?  Supplies  Environmental impact  How much useful energy is provided?

6. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?  Conventional oil is currently abundant, has a high net energy yield, and is relatively inexpensive, but using it causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.  Heavy oils from oil sand and oil shale exist in potentially large supplies but have low net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has.

7. Science: Refining Crude Oil Distillation

8. OPEC Controls Most of the World’s Oil Supplies  13 countries have at least 60% of the world’s crude oil reserves Saudi Arabia: 25% Canada: 15%  Oil production peaks and flow rates to consumers

9. Possible effects of steeply rising oil prices. Reduce energy waste Shift to non-carbon energy sources Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals Higher food prices; buy locally-produced food Airfares higher Smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles Upgrade of public transportation

10. The United States Uses Much More Oil Than It Produces  Produces 9% of the world’s oil  Imports 60% of its oil  About One-fourth of the world’s conventional oil is controlled by countries that sponsor or condone terrorism

11. Trade-Offs: Conventional Oil, Advantages and Disadvantages

12. Will Heavy Oil Spills from Oil Sand Be a Viable Option?  Oil sand, tar sand contains bitumen  Canada and Venezuela: oil sand have more oil than in Saudi Arabia  Canada has the most tar sand deposits  Extraction Serious environmental impact before strip-mining Low net energy yield: Is it cost effective?

13. Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted from It

14. Trade-Offs: Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand

15. Natural Gas  Natural gas: mixture of gases More than half is CH 4  Conventional natural gas Pipelines Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (high pressure)  3 largest producers U.S. 20%--60% from fracking. Russia 19% Canada 5%

16. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Held in shale formations Drill vertically and then flexible well bore drill horizontally Perforated tubes with explosive charges create fissures in rock. High pressure pumps-shoot water, sand, and chemicals. More cracks and sand allows cracks to remain open. Oil or natural gas can flow to surface. Repeat 7-10 times. http://sites.lafayette.edu/egrs251-fa11- fracking/files/2011/11/fracturing-cross-cut- diagram1.gif

17.  Fracking Disadvantages Drinking water contaminated with natural gas can catch fire Using huge amounts of water, sand, and chemicals. Disposal of toxic wastewater Transportation of natural gas.

18. Fig. 15-13, p. 385 Natural gas and sustainability

19. Natural Gas Advantages Ample supply Versatile fuel Medium net energy yield Emits less carbon dioxide if conventional. If from shale rock maybe more.

20. Coal Comes in Several Forms and Is Burned Mostly to Produce Electricity  Coal: solid fossil fuel  Burned in 2100 power plants, generates 40% of the world’s electricity Inefficient  Three largest coal-burning countries China United States Canada

21. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel  World’s most abundant fossil fuel U.S. has 25% Current usage we have a 300 year supply  Environmental costs of burning coal Severe air pollution Sulfur released as SO 2 Large amount of soot CO 2 Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials Dirtiest fossil fuel to burn.

22. Case Study: Coal Consumption in China  Burns more coal than the United States, Europe, and Japan combined  Coal–burning plants: Inefficient or non-existent pollution controls  Leading area for SO 2 pollution: health hazard  Acid rain due to coal burning  Hg showing up in salmon off the western coast of the United States  Air quality of Korea and Japan impacted

23. Trade-Offs: Coal, Advantages and Disadvantages as an Energy Resource Dangerous To workers- Accidents Disease

24. Nuclear Power Rods control Reaction- Absorptionof neutrons

25. What Happened to Nuclear Power?  Slowest-growing energy source and expected to decline more  No plants built since 1978 in U.S.  Why? Economics Poor management Low net yield of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle Safety concerns Need for greater government subsidies Concerns of transporting uranium

26. April 26, 1986 In Chernobyl, Ukraine Series of explosions caused the roof of a reactor building to blow off Partial meltdown and fire for 10 days Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries and eventually the world Effects on human health, water supply, and agriculture

27. Case Study: The 2011 Nuclear Power Plant Accident in Japan Triggered by a major offshore earthquake and resulting tsunami Four key human-related factors: No worst-case plans Seawalls too short Design flaws(Cooling system) Relationship between plant owners and government

28. Rods must be replaced every three or four years Cooled in water- filled pools Placed in dry casks Must be stored for thousands of years Vulnerable to terrorist attack

29. Fig. 15-23, p. 392 Fuel assemblies Decommissioning of reactor Enrichment of UF 6 Reactor Fuel fabrication (conversion of enriched UF 6 to UO 2 and fabrication of fuel assemblies) Temporary storage of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks Temporary storage of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks Conversion of U 3 O 8 to UF 6 Spent fuel reprocessing Uranium-235 as UF 6 Plutonium-239 as PuO 2 Low-level radiation with long half-life Mining uranium ore (U 3 O 8 ) Mining uranium ore (U 3 O 8 ) Geologic disposal of moderate and high-level radioactive wastes Geologic disposal of moderate and high-level radioactive wastes Open fuel cycle today Recycling of nuclear fuel

30. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?  Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very low accident risk, but high costs, a low net energy yield, long-lived radioactive wastes, vulnerability to sabotage, and the potential for spreading nuclear weapons technology have limited its use.

31. Will Nuclear Fusion Save Us?  “Nuclear fusion is the power of the future and always will be”  Still in the laboratory phase after 50 years of research and $34 billion dollars  2006: U.S., China, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and European Union Will build a large-scale experimental nuclear fusion reactor by 2040

32. Experts Disagree about the Future of Nuclear Power  Proponents of nuclear power Fund more research and development Pilot-plant testing of potentially cheaper and safer reactors Test breeder fission and nuclear fusion  Opponents of nuclear power Fund rapid development of energy efficient and renewable energy resources