1. BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY
Chapter Seven:
Storing Organizational Information - Databases

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
7.1 Define the fundamental concepts of the relational database model
7.2 Evaluate the advantages of the relational database model
7.3 Compare operational integrity constraints and business-critical integrity constraints

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
7.4 Describe the role and purpose of a database management system
7.5 List and describe the four components of a database management system
7.6 Describe the two primary methods for integrating information across multiple databases

4. CHAPTER SEVEN OVERVIEW
Information is everywhere in an organization
Information is stored in databases
Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

5. CHAPTER SEVEN OVERVIEW
This slide offers a brief introduction to databases
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6. RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
There are numerous database models including:
Hierarchical database – stores related information in terms of predefined categorical relationships in a “tree-like” fashion
Network database – used by a network installation tool to allocate and track network resources
Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables

7. Entities, Entity Classes, and Attributes
Entity – a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
The rows in each table contain the entities
Figure 2.6 on page 63, CUSTOMER includes Dave’s Sub Shop and Pizza Palace entities
Entity class (table) – a collection of similar entities
Figure 2.6 on page 63 includes CUSTOMER, ORDER, ORDER LINE, DISTRIBUTOR, and PRODUCT entity classes

8. Entities, Entity Classes, and Attributes
Attributes (fields, columns) – characteristics or properties of an entity class
The columns in each table contain the attributes
Figure 2.6 on page 63, attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID, Customer Name, Contact Name, and Phone

9. Keys and Relationships
Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database
Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables

10. Keys and Relationships
This slide offers a brief introduction to relational databases
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11. Keys and Relationships
Potential relational database for Coca-Cola

12. RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES
Database advantages from a business perspective include
Increased flexibility
Increased scalability and performance
Reduced information redundancy
Increased information integrity (quality)
Increased information security

13. Increased Flexibility
A well-designed database should:
Handle changes quickly and easily
Provide users with different views
A database has only one physical view
Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device such as a hard disk
A database can have multiple logical views
Logical view – focuses on how users logically access information to meet particular business needs

14. Increased Scalability and Performance
A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
Scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
Performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

15. Reduced Information Redundancy
Databases reduce information redundancy
Redundancy – the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information

16. Increase Information Integrity (Quality)
Information integrity – a measure of the quality of information
Integrity constraints – rules that help ensure the quality of information
Operational integrity constraints – rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints
Business-critical integrity constraints – rules that enforce business rules vital to an organization’s success and often require more insight and knowledge than operational integrity constraints

17. Increased Information Security
Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
Databases offer several security features including:
Passwords – provide authentication of the user
Access levels – determine who has access to the different types of information
Access controls – Determine types of user access, such as read-only access

18. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Database management systems (DBMS) – software through which users and application programs interact with a database

19. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Four components of a DBMS

20. Data Definition Component
Data definition component – helps create and maintain the data dictionary and the structure of the database
The data definition component includes the data dictionary
Data dictionary – a file that stores definitions of information types, identifies the primary and foreign keys, and maintains the relationships among the tables

21. Data Definition Component
The data dictionary essentially defines the logical properties of the information that the database contains

22. Data Manipulation Component
Data manipulation component – allows users to create, read, update, and delete information in a database
A DBMS contains several data manipulation tools:
Views – Allows users to see, change, sort, and query the database content
Report generators – users can define report formats
Query-by-example (QBE) – users can graphically design the answers to specific questions
Structured query language (SQL) – query language

23. Data Manipulation Component
Sample report using Microsoft Access Report Generator

24. Data Manipulation Component
Sample report using Microsoft Access Query-By-Example (QBE) tool

25. Data Manipulation Component
Results from the query in Figure 2.11

26. Data Manipulation Component
SQL version of the QBE Query in Figure 2.11

27. Application Generation and Data Administration Components
Application generation component – includes tools for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use applications
Data administration component – provides tools for managing the overall database environment by providing faculties for backup, recovery, security, and performance
IT specialists primarily use these components

28. INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
Organizations typically maintain multiple systems, each with its own database
Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other

29. INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
Forward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes

30. INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes

31. INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
Building a central repository specifically for integrated information

32. OPENING CASE STUDY QUESTIONS Searching for Revenue - Google
Identify the different types of entity classes that might be stored in Google’s indexing database
Explain why database technology is so important to Google’s business model
Explain the difference between logical and physical views and why logical views are important to Google’s employees

33. CHAPTER SEVEN CASE Hotcourses Increases Revenues by 60 Percent
Hotcourses is one of the hottest new e-businesses in London
Offers a comprehensive online educational marketplace
After two years of operation the company estimates revenues for 2003 between $100 and $500 million

34. CHAPTER SEVEN CASE QUESTIONS
Identify the different types of entity classes and attributes potentially maintained in the Hotcourses database
Describe the two different ways that employees at Hotcourses might access the information in their databases
Create two questions that a manager at Hotcourses could turn into queries and run against a database to discover business intelligence