3. Oceans

4. Ocean Topography

5. Physical Structure of the Ocean

6. Littoral Zone

7. Wave Formation

9. Wavelength Distance from one wave crest to the next Wave height The distance between trough and crest Wave period The time taken for two crests to pass a given point (remains almost constant) = V * P The wavelength,, is the product of its velocity and period.

10. Wave Properties The energy source for both coastal erosion and sediment transport are the ocean waves generated by the frictional effect of the winds incident on the ocean surface (1) Kinetic Energy: The motion of the water within the wave. (2) Potential Energy: Due to the position of water above the wave trough. Wave energy increases with wind speed and fetch

11. Wave motion (a)Ocean depth > ½ wavelength - waves not affected by ocean floor (b) Ocean depth < ½ wavelength - wave height increases and wavelength decreases The wave becomes more peaked “Breakers” form Breaking of waves: conversion of potential to kinetic energy Work done on the shoreline

12. Transport of Sediments by Wave Action Rock particles are eroded from one area and deposited elsewhere. Wave refraction affects this process. Beach Drift: Swash and backwash rarely occur in exactly opposite directions Upward movement occurs at some oblique angle Backward movement occurs at right angles to the beach. This creates lateral movement of particles (beach drift)

13. Decrease in wavelength as waves approach a shoreline

14. Wave Refraction Straight shoreline -drag exerted by the ocean floor causes waves to break parallel with the shoreline. The direction of travel of a wave varies as it approaches an indented coast. Crests approaching the headlands experience the drag of the ocean floor first, which causes: 1.Increase in wave height 2.Decrease in wavelength 3.Decrease in velocity

16. Longshore Current and Beach Drift

17. Longshore Currents

19. Rip currents form when waves are pushed over sandbars. The weight of excess water near the shore can ‘rip’ an opening in the sandbar, causing water to rush seaward. Rip Currents Source: NOAA

20. Rip Current

25. Tidal forces Tides enhanced during full Moon and new Moon Sun-Moon-Earth closely aligned

26. Influence of Perigee, Apogee, Perihelion and Aphelion on the Earth’s Tides Stronger for perigee and perihelion

27. Annapolis Tidal Power Generating Station

28. Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick “flower pot rocks”

29. Coastal Processes and Landforms Erosional and depositional landforms of coastal areas are the result of the action of ocean waves. Erosional LandformsDepositional landforms Sea CliffsBeaches Wave-cut NotchesBarrier Spit CavesBaymouth Bar Sea stacksLagoon Sea archesTombolo

30. Erosional Coastal Landforms Along rugged, high-relief, tectonically-active coastlines Sea cliffs A tall, steep rock face, formed by the undercutting action of the sea Wave-cut notches A rock recess at the foot of a sea cliff where the energy of waves is concentrated Sea Caves Caves form in more erosive sediment when the rock does not fully collapse in a deeply-notched environment

33. Wave-cut platform Horizontal benches in the tidal zone extending from the sea cliff out into the sea If the sea level relative to the land changes over time (becoming lower with respect to the land due to uplift), multiple wave cut platforms (terraces) result 1 3 2 5 4 6 http://www.rgs.edu.sg/events/geotrip/cliff.html

34. Erosional Features

35. Depositional Coastal Features

36. Littoral Drift

37. Barrier Spit Material transported by littoral drift deposited along ridge, extending outward from a coast in an area with weak offshore currents If the spit grows to completely block an embayment, it is called a bay barrier or baymouth bar A lagoon is a body of water behind the barrier

38. Puget Sound, WA

39. Bay Barrier

40. Near Eureka, CA

42. Coastal Straightening Figure 13.8 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Christopherson, Elemental Geosystems, Sixth Edition

44. Frost Island, WA

45. A tombolo occurs when sediment deposits connect the shoreline with an offshore sea stack or island

46. Rebounding Coast isostatic rebound

47. Barrier Islands

48. Chandeleur Islands

50. Coral Reef Distribution Figure 13.17

51. Coral Reef Formation and Forms

52. Coral Reef Formations

53. Coastal Salt Marsh

55. Mangroves