1. 3-2: World Climates

2. I. Major Climate Zones
As we discussed in our previous section weather and climate are not interchangeable terms.
Climate is the average weather conditions over a long period of time.

3. I. Major Climate Zones Earth is a complex mix of climates.
Geographers identify these climate by observing:
Temperature
Precipitation
Native plant life

4. I. Major Climate Zones
With these observations we can divide Planet Earth into fiver basic climate zones:
Tropical
Temperate
Polar
Dry
Highland/Mountain

5. I. Major Climate Zones Tropical Climates
Occur near the equator and the lower latitudes

6. I. Major Climates Zones Temperate Climates
Occur about halfway between the equator and the poles in the middle latitudes.

7. I. Major Climate Zones Polar Climates Occur near the poles
Higher latitudes

8. I. Major Climate Zones Dry and Highland Climates
These can be found in many different latitudes.

9. I. Major Climate Zones World Climate Regions: Humid Tropical
Tropical Savanna
Desert
Steppe
Mediterranean
Humid Subtropical
Marine West Coast
Humid Continental
Subarctic
Tundra
Ice Cap
Highland

10. World Climate Regions
Humid Tropical
Tropical Savanna

11. World Climate Regions
Desert
Steppe

12. World Climate Regions
Mediterranean
Humid Subtropical

13. World Climate Regions
Marine West Coast
Humid Continental

14. World Climate Regions
Subarctic
Tundra

15. World Climate Regions
Ice Cap
Highland

16. II. Tropical and Dry Climates
These climates are some of the most extreme on earth, because they include the wettest driest, and hottest places on earth.

17. A. Tropical Climates
These climates extend from the Tropic of Cancer through the Equator and down to the Tropic of Capricorn.

18. A. Tropical Climates Humid Tropical
This climate tends to be warm, muggy, and rainy year-round.
Temperatures average around 80°F
Rainfall averages between inches per year!!!
This is why it is known as the rainforest.
Monsoons- Seasonal winds that bring either dry or moist air

19. A. Tropical Climates
With its warm temperatures and heavy rainfall, this climate is able to support an amazing amount of plants and animals.
Ex. Amazon River Basin in South America.

20. A. Tropical Climates Tropical Savanna
Moving north and south of the Equator, you reach the savanna, which are areas of tall grasses and scattered trees and shrubs.
It tends to have a long, hot, dry season and short periods of heavy rainfall.
Temperatures are often as high as 90°F, with “cooler” winters.

21. B. Dry Climates

22. B. Dry Climates Desert Climate Earth’s hottest and driest climate!
Rainfall can be very scarce with desert receiving less than 10 inches per year.
Atacama Desert has averages less than 1 in.!!
Temperatures can be very extreme due to the dry air and clear skies.
Temperatures can be as high as 130°F during the day and drop into the 40s and 50s at night.

23. B. Dry Climates
With these extremes in the desert climates, animals and plants need to be hardy and very adaptive.
Cactus
Nocturnal Animals

24. B. Dry Climates
Steppe
This climate tends to have semidry grasslands or prairies.
They often border most deserts
Tend to have short grasses, but will have shrubs and trees that grow along streams.

25. III. Temperate Climates
“Temperate” means moderate or mild.
These climates tend to have all four seasons with warm or hot summers and cool to cold winters.
These climates are located between the equator and the poles.
Air masses from the tropics and the poles often meet here, which creates the variety.

26. III. Temperate Climates
Mediterranean
Named after the climate found in countries along the Mediterranean Sea.
Summers tend to be hot, dry, and sunny.
Winters tend to be mild, but wet.
Plant life can be found as shrubs, shorter trees, and scattered larger trees.
This climate can be found in California and northern Africa.

27. III. Temperate Climates
Humid Subtropical
This climate tends to occur along the east coasts near the tropics.
Ex. Florida
Warm, moist air blows in from the ocean.
Summers are hot and humid, while winter and mild with some frost and snow.
Hurricanes are a real threat to this climate, which can bring heavy rains, violent winds, and high seas.

28. III. Temperate Climates
This climates tends to have mixed forests.
Deciduous trees
Lose their leaves each fall.
Coniferous trees
Do not shed their leaves and are green year-round.

29. III. Temperate Climates
Marine West Coast
This climate occurs on the west coasts where winds carry moisture from the oceans.
These winds assist with keeping temperatures mild all year long.
Winters tend to be foggy, cloudy, and rainy, while summers can be warm and sunny.
Plant Life: Dense evergreen forests

30. III. Temperate Climates
Humid Continental
This climate has four distinct seasons.
Summers are short and hot.
Springs and falls are mild.
Winters are long, cold, and typically snowy.
Plant Life: Tall grasslands to both coniferous and deciduous trees
Main areas in U.S.: Great Plains, Midwest

31. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
Subarctic
This climate tends to be found the Northern Hemisphere only, south of the Arctic Ocean.
Winters are long and bitterly cold.
Summers are short and cool.
Temperatures are below freezing for more than half the year.
Plant Life: Evergreen forests (Taiga)

32. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
Tundra
Occur along the coastal areas along the Arctic Ocean.
Winters are bitterly cold.
Temperature reach barely above freezing during the short summers.
Rainfall is light.
Plant Life: Mosses, lichens, and small shrubs

33. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
Tundra
Permafrost- permanently frozen layers of soil
This frozen earth makes it hard for water to be absorbed into the soil.
In summer, this can create ponds and marshes for many breeding animals.

34. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
Ice Cap
This may be the harshest climate on Earth’s surface.
Temperatures can reach as low as -120°F or colder.
That is bone-chilling cold!!
Snow and ice remain year-round with little new precipitation.
No vegetation.

35. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
Even with this extreme cold, polar bears, penguins, whales, and seals are able to survive quite well in this frigid climate.

36. IV. Polar and Highland Climates
This climate can be several climates at once.
It depends upon elevation.
As you go up the mountain, temperatures drop and plant life grows more scarce.