1. BASIC ELECTRONICS

2. Resistor Capacitor Diode Transistor
CONTENTS
Resistor
Capacitor
Diode
Transistor

3. Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component. It is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
Symbol:

4. S.I unit is ohm
Symbol of ohm (Ω)
Notation for resistance
O- for ohm
K- for kilo ohm
M- for mega ohm

5. 1. Fixed type resistor 2. Variable type resistor
Types of resistor
1. Fixed type resistor
2. Variable type resistor

6. Combination of resistor
series combination
parallel combination

7. Conti……
Series combination

8. Parallel combination

9. CONTI…. In series the current remains same
In parallel the voltage remains same

10. Ohms law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.
The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

11. Color coding table

12. Why we use resistor? Limiting of current Limiting of voltage
Power dissipation

13. Capacitor

14. A capacitor is a device for storing electric charge
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator).

15. CAPACITANCE
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.
A large capacitance means that more charge can be stored.
Capacitance can be measured using formula:
q = C V
where
C = capacitance,
q= charge,
V = potential difference.
Unit of Capacitance is Farads(F).

16. Combination of capacitors
Series combination
Parallel combination

17. Series combination
When capacitors are connected in series, the capacitance decreases.
In Series, total capacitance is given by the formula:
1/Ct= 1/C1+1/C2+………

18. Parallel combination
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the capacitance increases.
In Parallel, total capacitance is given by the formula:
Ct= C1+ C2+………Cn

19. Types of capacitor
Polarized capacitor
Non polarized capacitor

20. Non Polarized capacitor
The capacitor which do not have a polarity

21. Polarised capacitor
The capacitor which have a polarity

22. How to Read Ceramic Capacitor

23. Features Capacitor offers low impedance to AC.
It offers high impedance to DC.
Reactance of capacitor is given by:
Xc =1/2π fc
where π =22/7   
                

24. Applications Blocking DC Voltage Adjusting Frequency
Use to generate a time delay application
Smoothing of dc voltage.

25. Diodes

26. Diode
Diode is an electronic component which permits the flow of current in one direction only.
Today diodes are made up of semiconductor material, therefore they are often called semiconductor diodes or crystal diodes.

27. Why we use it? Diodes are used for rectification.
Diodes are used in electrical meters for there protection.
Diodes are used in wave shaping circuits.
Diodes (LED) are used in display.

28. Material Diodes are semiconductor devices.
Silicon(Si) or germanium(Ge) are used.

29. Types PN junction diode Zener Diode Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Photo Diodes

30. PN Junction Diode This diode is made by p-type & n-type material.
This PN junction diode works in forward bias i.e. anode is connected to positive terminal & cathode is connected to negative terminal.

31. Symbol

32. How can we recognize?
There is a silver band on the one side of diode which is cathode (negative) terminal of the diode & the other side is anode (positive) terminal.

33. Zener Diode
Zener Diode works in reverse bias.
Symbol of zener diode:

34. How can we recognize zener a diode?
There is black band which is negative terminal & other one is positive terminal.

35. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Light Emitting Diode (LED) operates in forward bias.
It emits light when connected in circuit.
Symbol of LED:

36. How can we recognize LED?
The shorter lead of the LED is negative terminal & longer one is positive, also on the negative terminal there is a flat spot when we see from the top.

38. Photo Diode Often known as Photo detector.
Photo Diode operates in reverse bias.
Light falls on the PN junction of the photo diode which creates electron-hole pair in the depletion layer which causes flow of current.
Current depends upon the light intensity
When light incident on the photodiode then current flows in the circuit.

39. Physical view of Photo diode:

40. Working of Photodiode
Photodiode

41. LDR(Light Dependent Resistor)
A light dependent resistor is a semiconductor electrical device that has a very high resistance to the flow of electrical current in t absence of light.
When light strikes the device, it lowers its resistance, allowing electrical current to flow through it and on to other devices or electrical circuits.

43. TRANSISTOR

44. TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
Device with three terminals where one terminal can be use to control the flow of current through the other two terminals.
Its name indicates it definition means transferring of resistance from one point to other point.

45. Conti….
The three terminals are Emitter, Base and Collector

46. Types of transistor
Junction transistor
Field effect transistor

47. Junction transistor Transistor are of two types: 1-> n-p-n
A straight switch
2-> p-n-p
A inverted switch

48. n-p-n as a switch
When base of n-p-n is connected with logic high voltage then it short circuit emitter and collector (SWITCH ON).
When base of n-p-n is connected with logic low voltage then it open circuit both emitter and collector (SWITCH OFF).

49. Circuit diagram to show a switching
VCC
Logic
transistor
Motor
off
stop 1 on
run
Logic 1 or RB
Logic 0 M
GND

50. p-n-p as an inverted switch
When base of p-n-p is connected with logic high voltage then it open circuit emitter and collector (SWITCH OFF).
When base of p-n-p is connected with logic low voltage then it short circuit both emitter and collector (SWITCH ON).

51. Practically used
As a switch
As an amplifier
For realizing logic gates

52. IC’S

53. L293D
555
LM358
IC 7805(voltage controlled)

54. L293D IC
EN1
Vcc
12V
EN2

55. Truth table

56. Conti…. L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver.
So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction
If you have motor with fix direction of motion then you can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC motors.
L293D has output current of 600mA.
Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF output diodes are included within the IC.

57. Interface motor with IC L293D
EN1
VCC
12V
EN2

58. 555 IC

59. The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a timer application, pulse generation and oscillator applications.
It works only on falling edge of the incoming signal

60. Operating modes: It has three operating modes: 1) monostable
2) Bistable
3) Astable

61. Monostable mode In this mode, the IC has only one stable state voltage
triggering pulse
voltage
output
time

62. Bistable mode
In this mode, the IC has two stable state

63. Astable mode
In this mode, the IC not having a single stable state

64. LM358
The LM358 IC consists of two independent operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages.
It have two op-amp
Single power supply

65. LM358 IC

66. Internal circuit

67. Features It have two op-amp Single power supply Supply range 3v-32v
Eliminate need of dual supply

68. IC 7805 It is a voltage regulator integrated circuit.
It designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level
It works on a negative feedback

69. IC 7805

70. Features Output current range up to 1A Output voltage 5V
Input voltage range up to 12V
Short circuit protection

71. Thank you…