1. Cool Roofing… Cutting Through the Glare May 12, 2005 Atlanta, GA Compiled by…

2.  Sponsored by –Roof Consultants Institute Foundation (RCIF) –Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) – National Research Council of Canada (NRC)  Attended by –Over 200 construction and design professionals –Industry media & trade associations  Presented by –30 researchers from universities, government, industry Cool Roofing… Cutting Through the Glare

3.  Environmental Issues  Design Issues  Economic Issues Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Key Symposium Topics

4.  Highly reflective roofs can reduce urban temperatures in the summer….  Reducing ozone formation  Reducing energy costs  Reducing fossil fuel demand Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs & the Environment

5.  ….. but the cooling effect of highly reflective roofs may be overstated –Wind effects not always considered –Degradation due to roof aging not fully addressed –Alternative approaches not always considered Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs & the Environment

6. Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs & Wind Effects The Effects of Wind on Roof Surface Air Temperature 31 29 27 25 23 Air Temperature ( o C) Roof Reflectivity (%) 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Summertime Daily Average and Maximum Air Temperatures for Roof System Reflectivity Simulations Conducted for City of Chicago Source: Study on roof system reflectivity and near-surface air temperatures in Chicago, IL (DuPuis & Graham) No Wind With Wind Effect Added

7. Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs & Surface Aging Highly-Reflective (50%) Semi-Reflective (20%) Low-Reflective (5%) White membranes Grey, tan, mineral surfaced, and ballasted membranes Black membranes Reflectivity (%) Exposure (Years) Roof Reflectance After Field Exposure Oak Ridge Laboratories Envelope Systems Research Apparatus (ESRA)

8. Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs & Surface Aging Professional Roofing, May, 2005 Roofing’s Dirty Secret A Roof Consultant Takes The Industry To Task for Dirty Roofs Houston Chronicle, May 26, 2003 Astros cry foul over park roof Claim filed over ugly growth The roof of Minute Maid Park is growing like a Chia Pet

9.  Reflective Membranes  Reflective Coatings  Garden Roofs  Ballasted Roofs Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Cool Roofs: Design Options

10.  Durability  Maintenance  Glare Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Design Issues

11.  What does it mean for the building owner? –Scaling down the economics to the individual owner of a specific building  Are there regional differences? –Warm versus cold regions –Sunny versus cloudy regions –Regional fuel cost differences  What about operating costs? –Cleaning costs –Reflectivity versus insulation Cool Roofing…Cutting Through the Glare Economic Issues

12. The Economics of Cool Roofing: A Local and Regional Approach James L. Hoff

13. The Economics of Cool Roofing Cool Roofing & The Building Owner What are the economics of cool roofing…… 1) For an individual building owner 2) In a specific location

14. The Economics of Cool Roofing Potential Misunderstandings  Measurement Scale  Regional Differences

15. The Economics of Cool Roofing How Scale May Affect Perception Potential net annual energy savings using reflective roofs Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Heat Island Group City Of Chicago: $10 Million

16. The Economics of Cool Roofing How Scale May Affect Perception Source: DOE Cool Roof Calculator Potential net annual energy savings using reflective roofs A 20,000 Sq. Ft. Building in Chicago $20

17. The Economics of Cool Roofing Regional Differences  Climate  Energy Costs

18. The Economics of Cool Roofing Climatic Differences Climate Metric Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Solar Load (BTU/ Sq. Ft. / Day) U.S. Low* 141 (Miami) 69 (San Francisco) 1061 (Seattle) U.S. High* 7521 (Milwaukee) 4127 (Miami) 1839 (Phoenix) Variance 5234% 5881% 73% * For Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Source: DOE Cool Roof Calculator

19. The Economics of Cool Roofing Energy Cost Differences Energy Source Electricity ($ / KWH) Natural Gas ($ / Therm) U.S. Low* $0.0558 (Louisville) $0.0724 (Salt Lake City) U.S. High* $0.1236 (New York City) $1.2500 (Atlanta) Variance 122% 73% * For Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas Source: Energy Information Administration, June, 2004

20. The Economics of Cool Roofing Study Objectives  Adjust the scale to fit the end-user  Compare local differences in climate & energy cost  Develop a simple, but informative graphic representation

21. The Economics of Cool Roofing Methodology  Local Climate Inputs  Local Energy Costs  Regional Locations  Building Parameters

22. The Economics of Cool Roofing Local Climate Inputs  DOE Cool Roof Calculator Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Solar Load

23. The Economics of Cool Roofing Local Energy Costs  Electricity EIA commercial electricity costs by state (June, 2004)  Natural Gas EIA commercial natural gas costs by state (June, 2004)

24. The Economics of Cool Roofing Regional Locations Portland Boston New York Pittsburgh Baltimore Cleveland Detroit Indianapolis Chicago Milwaukee Minneapolis Richmond Charlotte Nashville Atlanta St. Louis Little Rock Jacksonville Miami Tampa New Orleans Houston Ft. Worth Phoenix Boulder Cheyenne Boise Reno Portland Seattle SLC Las Vegas Los Angeles Albuquerque Ok. City Louisville Birmingham Kansas City San Francisco 40 Major Cities Across United States

25. The Economics of Cool Roofing Building Parameters 55% Reflectance 80% Emittance Elec. Cooling (COP = 2.0) Gas Heat (70% Efficiency) 5% Reflectance 80% Emittance Elec. Cooling (COP = 2.0) Gas Heat (70% Efficiency) R-20 Insulation 20,000 Sq. Ft. v.

26. Portland Boston New York Pittsburgh Baltimore Cleveland Detroit Indianapolis Chicago Milwaukee Minneapolis Richmond Charlotte Nashville Atlanta St. Louis Little Rock Jacksonville Miami Tampa New Orleans Houston Ft. Worth Phoenix Boulder Cheyenne Boise Reno Portland Seattle SLC Las Vegas Los Angeles Albuquerque Ok. City Louisville Birmingham Kansas City San Francisco $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Annual Heating / Cooling Cost Savings: Reflective Roof versus Non-Reflective Roof (-$50) (-$100) (-$50) (Dollars per 20,000 Sq. Ft. Roof Area / R-20 Insulation)

27. Portland Boston New York Pittsburgh Baltimore Cleveland Detroit Indianapolis Chicago Milwaukee Minneapolis Richmond Charlotte Nashville Atlanta St. Louis Little Rock Jacksonville Miami Tampa New Orleans Houston Ft. Worth Phoenix Boulder Cheyenne Boise Reno Portland Seattle SLC Las Vegas Los Angeles Albuquerque Ok. City Louisville Birmingham Kansas City San Francisco Annual Heating / Cooling Cost Savings: Solar Load Effects High Solar Loads Push Bands Northward

28. Portland Boston New York Pittsburgh Baltimore Cleveland Detroit Indianapolis Chicago Milwaukee Minneapolis Richmond Charlotte Nashville Atlanta St. Louis Little Rock Jacksonville Miami Tampa New Orleans Houston Ft. Worth Phoenix Boulder Cheyenne Boise Reno Portland Seattle SLC Las Vegas Los Angeles Albuquerque Ok. City Louisville Birmingham Kansas City San Francisco Annual Heating / Cooling Cost Savings: Solar Load Effects Low Solar Loads Push Bands Southward

29. The Economics of Cool Roofing Local Energy Price Effects Metric Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Electricity ($/KWH) Annual Savings New York City 5090 1002 $0.1236 $360 Salt Lake City 5636 1054 $0.666 $160

30. The Economics of Cool Roofing Local Energy Price Effects Metric Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Electricity ($/KWH) Annual Savings Baltimore 4912 1133 $0.0947 $280 Richmond 4097 1297 $0.585 $160

31. The Economics of Cool Roofing Reflectivity Effects City Seattle Detroit Indianapolis Charlotte Phoenix 55% Reflectivity (-$100) $0 $60 $260 $860 75% Reflectivity (-$160) -($20) $60 $340 $1,160 Annual Savings (Loss) Change (-60%) n/a n/c 30% 35%

32. The Economics of Cool Roofing Study Limitations  Demand Charges  Non-Air-Conditioned Buildings  Calculator Accuracy / Validity

33. The Economics of Cool Roofing Reflective Roofs & The Building Owner Where will the economic payoff stimulate investment?