1. The Factors
that Affect
Climate
Grade Nine Socials

2. What Affects Weather and Climate?
There are FIVE Factors:
1. Ocean Currents
2. Air Masses
3. Latitude
4. Proximity to Water
5. Elevation

3. Ocean Currents

6. #1 Ocean Currents
The world’s oceans are constantly in motion. Tides move the water up and down while currents move the water from place to place.
Gulf Stream: Ocean current from the south. It brings warm temperatures to the south-eastern waters of the Atlantic provinces.
Labrador Current: Flowing from the north. It brings cold water to much of the Atlantic coast.
When warm, humid air blows from the south over colder waters, fog is formed.

7. Warm Currents: warmer climate Cold Currents: cooler climate
How do ocean currents
affect climate?
Warm Currents: warmer climate
Cold Currents: cooler climate

8. The Gulf Stream

9. #2 Air Masses
Large volumes of air with similar temperatures and moisture conditions.
They affect the climate because they take on the temperature and humidity characteristics of an area.
It moves as a result of changing pressure conditions. It’s leading edge is called a Front.
Continental Arctic: This cold mass comes from Northern Canada and feels cold and dry.
Maritime Tropical: air that comes from the Caribbean and feels warm and moist.
Maritime Polar: air that comes from the Atlantic and feels cool and moist.

10. Air Masses
When air masses meet at a front, the collision often results in changeable weather, or rainfall.
Look at the illustrations of cold and warm fronts.
Describe how cold and warm fronts form. Can either kind of front bring rainy or foggy weather?

11. Warm Fronts
A warm front generally moves from southwest to northeast and the air behind a warm front is warmer and more moist than the air ahead of it.
When a warm front passes through, the air becomes warmer and more humid than it did before.
A warm front is represented by a solid line with semicircles pointing towards the colder air and in the direction of movement.
Can you spot the warm & cold fronts?

12. Cold Fronts Cold fronts generally move from northwest to southeast.
The air behind a cold front is noticeably colder and drier than the air ahead of it.
As a symbol, a cold front is represented by a solid line with triangles along the front pointing towards the warmer air and in the direction of movement.

15. #3 Latitude
One of the most important influences on climate is latitude.
How far north or south of the equator a region is influences how warm or cold it will be.
The amount of heat energy (radiation) that the earth receives depends on the angle of the sun’s rays.
Because the earth’s surface is round, sunshine is more intense at the lower latitudes.
Because the earth is tilted on its axis, sunshine also varies with the seasons. During the summer, the sun’s rays are closer, and therefore are also more intense!

16. Latitude

17. As latitude ________, the average annual temperature _________.
How does latitude
affect climate?
As latitude ________, the average
annual temperature _________.
increases
decreases
Temperature
0° Latitude °

18. #4 Proximity to Water
Sunshine heats the land and water at different rates.
Areas close to large bodies of water stay cooler in the summer, and warmer in the winter than inland areas.
This greatly influences the climate of communities that are close to the ocean.

19. Closeness to Large Bodies of Water

21. Continental and Maritime Climate
Continental Climate:
Usually found in the interior of large land masses.
They are usually a long distance from large bodies of water.
These areas experience hot summers and cold winters. The result is a large temp. range.
Examples: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, parts of Ontario, parts of Quebec.

22. Continental and Maritime Climate
Usually found along the coastal areas near the ocean.
They experience a cool summer and a relatively warm/mild winter.
Examples: P.E.I., Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, parts of Quebec.

23. Water __________ the temperature. _______ summers. _______ winters.
How does closeness to a large
body of water affect climate?
Water __________ the temperature.
_______ summers. _______ winters.
moderates
Cooler
Warmer
Cities A & B are located
at the same latitude.
City B is closer to a large body of water.
Its temperature line is flatter (moderated).

24. # 5 Elevation (The Orographic Effect)
As height increases, temperatures decrease.
This is because the air is much thinner at higher altitudes. For every 1000FT, the air temperature drops by 1 degree!
One of the THREE types of condensation is orographic rainfall.
This occurs when warm, humid air cools as it rises over a high elevation (ex: A mountain)
As air strikes, it is lifted and cooled. Windward slopes of mountains tend to be rainy, while the leeward side is dry. (Ex: West coast of BC)

25. Orographic Effect

26. Orographic Effect

27. The leeward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive much less precipitation
The windward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive a great deal more precipitation

28. Windward Side: ___________ Leeward Side: _____________
How does the
Orographic Effect
affect climate?
Windward Side: ___________
Leeward Side: _____________
cool, moist
warm, dry

29. Elevation

30. Elevation

31. During summer, temperature is strongly controlled by elevation -- cold at the higher reaches of the Alaska and Brooks Ranges, and warmer in the lowlands.

32. As elevation _________, the average annual temperature __________.
How does elevation
affect climate?
As elevation _________, the average
annual temperature __________.
increases
decreases
Temperature
Elevation

33. The Three Forms of Condensation
#1 Orographic Rainfall (already in your notes)
#2 Convectional Rainfall
When warm, humid air rises after being warmed from a surface below.
As the air rises quickly it expands, cools, and water vapour condenses (for ex: over the ocean, equatorial regions like the rainforest.
#3 Frontal Condensation
When warm, moist air rises over cold air
When warm air collides with cool air along a front, the warm air is forced to rise up and over the cool air
As the warm air gently rises over the cool air, clouds form, and condensation occurs.

35. Warm and Cold Fronts
When air masses meet at a front, the collision often results in changeable weather, or rainfall.

36. Land and Sea Breezes
Land Breeze: Occurs during the night. Air cools and blows off the land towards the ocean.
Sea Breeze: Occurs during the day. Air cools and blows off the water towards the land.