1. Chapter One Section 1 Plate Tectonics
Inside Earth
Chapter One
Section 1 Plate Tectonics

2. 1.1 Earth’s Interior Key Concepts
How have geologists learned about Earth’s inner structure?
Geologists use two main types of evidence:
Direct evidence – Look at rocks
Indirect evidence – Seismic waves

3. 1.1 Earth’s Interior Key Concepts
What are the characteristics of Earth’s
Crust – The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.
Mantle – The layer of hot, solid material between earth’s crust and core.
Core – The center of the planet Earth.

4. 1.1 Earth’s Interior Key Terms
Basalt – A dark, dense, igneous rock with fine texture, found in ocean crust.
Granite – A usually light-colored igneous rock that is found in continent crust.
Lithosphere – A ridged layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Asthenosphere – The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

5. 1.1 Earth’s Interior Key Terms
Outer core – A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth.
Inner core – A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth.

6. 1.1 Earth’s Interior Key Terms
Seismic waves – Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.
Pressure – The force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which the force is exerted.

7. 1.1 Earth’s Interior A Journey to the Center of Earth
Three main layers are the crust, the mantle, and the core
Temperature – At the start the temperature is cool until approximately 20 meters. Then it begins to grow warmer. For each 40 meters the temperature rises 1* Celsius.
Pressure - Because of the weight of the rock above the pressure increases the deeper you go.

8. 1.1 Earth’s Interior
The CRUST – This is the Earth’s outer skin. The ocean crust is thinner, denser, dark Mostly Basalt The continent crust is thicker, lighter, less dense Mostly Granite

9. 1.1 Earth’s Interior
The MANTLE – About 40 Kilometers beneath the surface. Approximately 3,000 kilometers thick This layers is very hot and solid The mantle had TWO (2) main layers 1-Lithosphere = upper mantle, similar to the crust. 2-Asthenosphere = hotter increase pressure less rigid, like road tar can bend like plastic. 3-Lower mantle = solid all the way to the core,

10. 1.1 Earth’s Interior
The CORE Is mostly iron and nickel It has two layers Outer core – a layer of molten liquid rock (the movement of this liquid outer core layer is what gives earth a magnetic field) Inner core – a dense ball of solid metal

11. Chapter One Section 2 Convection & the Mantle
Inside Earth
Chapter One
Section 2 Convection & the Mantle

12. 1.2 Convection and the Mantle Key Concepts
How is heat transferred?
What causes convection currents?
What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle?

13. 1.2 Convection and the Mantle Key Terms
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Density
Convection currents

14. 1.2 Convection and the Mantle Types of Heat Transfer
Radiation
Conduction
Convection

15. Chapter One Section 3 Drifting Continents
Inside Earth
Chapter One
Section 3 Drifting Continents

16. 1.3 Drifting Continents Key Concepts
What was Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis about the continents?
What evidence supported Wegener’s hypothesis?
Why was Wegener’s hypothesis rejected by most scientists of his day?

17. 1.3 Drifting Continents Key Terms
Continental drift
Pangaea
fossil

18. 1.3 Drifting Continents Continental Drift
Wegener’s hypothesis:
All the continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart.
Landmass called Pangaea.

19. 1.3 Drifting Continents Evidence
Evidence from land features
Evidence from fossils
Evidence from climate

20. 1.3 Drifting Continents Rejected
Wegener was not able to explain what force could possibly cause the continents to move.

21. Chapter One Section 4 Sea-floor Spreading
Inside Earth
Chapter One
Section 4 Sea-floor Spreading

22. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Key Concepts
What is the process of sea-floor spreading>
What is the evidence for sea-floor spreading?
What happens at deep-ocean trenches?

23. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Key Terms
Mid-ocean ridge
Sea-floor spreading
Deep-ocean trench
Subduction
sonar

24. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Mid-ocean ridge

25. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Sea-floor spreading
The sea floor spreads apart along both sides of the mid-ocean ridge.

26. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Evidence for Sea-floor spreading
Evidence from molten materials
Evidence from magnetic stripes
Evidence from drilling samples

27. 1.4 Sea-floor spreading Subduction at Trenches
Process where ocean floor sinks beneath a deep ocean trench.

28. Chapter One Section 5 Theory of Plate Tectonics
Inside Earth
Chapter One
Section 5 Theory of Plate Tectonics

29. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Key Concepts
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What are the three types of plate boundaries?

30. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Key Terms
Plate –A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenpsphere. Carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
Scientific theory- A well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations.
Plate tectonics- The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion driven by convection currents in the mantle.

31. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Key Terms
Fault – A break in Earth’s crust where masses of rock slip past each other.
Rift valley – A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart.

32. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Key Terms
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary

33. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Divergent Boundaries
Divergent boundaries Two plates move apart.

34. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Convergent Boundaries
Convergent boundary – plates move into each other. There are two possible outcomes.
They rise up into mountains when both plates are equal in density. Himalayan mountains.
Or the heavier denser plate (ocean) slides under the lighter (continent) less dense plate

35. 1.5 Theory of Plate Tectonics Transform Boundaries
Transform boundary – slide past each other in opposite directions. They stay on the same level. No rise or sinking.