1. 1 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS CHAPTER 13

2. Fundamental Analysis Finance (chapter 12): Valuation techniques  Dividend discount model, P/E ratio  Need input as dividends and earnings prospects Economics (chapter 11) (information from outside)  macro level: market  micro level: industries, firms Accounting (chapter 13) (information from inside)  How to read reported data?  How to use financial data as inputs into stock valuation

3. Financial Statement Analysis Objectives: Use a firm’s income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows to calculate standard financial ratios. Calculate the impact of taxes and leverage on a firm’s return on equity using ratio decomposition analysis. Measure a firm’s operating efficiency Identify likely sources of biases in accounting data.

4. Income Statement Firm’s revenues and expenses during a specific period Typical format Sale - Operating expense COGS Depreciation Operating Income (EBIT) - Interest Earning before tax (EBT) - Tax Net Income (NI)

5. Table 14.1 Consolidated Statement of Income

6. Balance Sheet A snapshot of firm’s assets and liability at a given point in time AssetLiabilities + Equity 1. Current Asset1. Current liabilities CashShort term debt Account receivableAccount payable InventoryNote payable 2. Fixed asset2. Long-term debt 3. Equity Common stock Retained earning Total assetsTotal liabilities + equity

7. Table 14.2 Consolidated Balance Sheet

8. Statement of cash flow Net income: accounting profit Cash flow: cash available on hand Statement of cash flow: firm’s cash receipts and payments during a specific period

9. Table 14.3 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

10. Return on Equity (ROE) ROE=Net profit/Equity g = ROE × b To estimate g, need to estimate ROE Past ROE might not be good estimator of future ROE ROE is linked with ROA and affected by firm’s financial policies Watch out financial leverage: ROA: Return on Assets=EBIT/Assets

11. ROE = Net Profit Pretax Profit x EBIT x Sales Assets xx Equity (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) x (5) x Margin x Turnover x Leverage Tax Burden Interest Burden Du Pont System: Decomposition of ROE x

12. Problem 7, Chapter 13, P. 456 An analyst applies the DuPont system of financial analysis to the following data for a company: Leverage ratio 2.2 Total asset turnover2.0 Net profit margin5.5% Dividend payout ratio31.8% What is the company’s return on equity?

13. Ratio analyses Liquidity Ratios Activity or Mgmt Efficiency Ratios Leverage Ratios Profitability Ratios Market Price Ratios

14. 2002200320042005 Income statements Sale revenue100,000120,000144,000 Cost of goods sold55,00066,00079,200 Depreciation15,00018,00021,600 Selling and administrative expenses15,00018,00021,600 Operating income30,00036,00043,200 Interest expense10,50019,09534,391 Taxable income (40% tax rate)7,8006,7623,524 Net Income11,70010,1435,285 Balance Sheet (end of year) Cash and marketable securities50,00060,00072,00086,400 Account receivables25,00030,00036,00043,200 Inventories75,00090,000108,000129,600 Net plant and equipment150,000180,000216,000259,200 Total Asset300,000360,000432,000518,400 Account payable30,00036,00043,20051,840 Short-term debt45,00087,300141,957214,432 Long-term debt75,00075,00075,00075,000 Total Liabilities150,000198,300260,157341,272 Shareholders’equity (1 mil shares outstanding)150,000161,700171,843177,128 Market price per common share at year-end93.6061.0021.00

15. Liquidity ratios Current ratio = Current asset/ current liabilities 2003: current ratio = (60+30+90)/(36+87.3) = 1.46 200320042005 2005 industry average (IA) 1.461.170.972.0  Trend: decreasing  poor standing relative to industry Quick ratio = (current asset-inventory)/current liability 2003: quick ratio = (60+30)/(36+87.3) = 0.73 200320042005 2005 industry average (IA) 0.730.580.491.0  Trend: decreasing  poor standing relative to industry

16. Management efficient ratios Inventory turnover = COGS (excluding depreciation) / average inventory  How fast firm can sell inventory  2003: inventory turnover = (55-15)/{(75+90)/2)}= 0.485  200320042005IA 0.4850.4850.4850.5  Slower in selling inventory total asset turnover = sale/average total asset  2003: TA turnover = 100/((300+360)/2) = 0.30  200320042005IA 0.300.300.300.4

17. Management efficient ratios Average collection period (days receivable) = average AR/sales per day  average time between date of sale and date payment received  2003: {(25+30)/2}/(100/365) = 100.4  200320042005IA 100.4100.4100.460 fixed asset turnover = sale/average of fixed asset  2003: 100/{(150+180)/2}=0.600  200320042005IA 0.6060.6060.6060.7

18. Some comments on efficient management ratios Total asset turnover of G.I. < industry average (0.3<0.4)  fixed asset turnover < Industry average (0.60 < 0.7): inefficient in using fixed asset  days receivable > industry average (100.4 > 60): receive cash longer than average, poor receivable procedure  Inventory turnover < industry average (0.485<0.5): turn inventory into sale slower than average, poor inventory management

19. Leverage ratios Interest coverage (times interest earned) = EBIT/Interest expense Leverage ratio: Assets/Equity = 1 + Debt/Equity Debt ratio = debt/equity

20. Profitability ratios ROA = EBIT/(average total assets) ROE = NI/(average total equity) Return on sale (profit margin) = EBIT/Sales

21. Market price ratios Market-to-book =price per share/ book value per share  Lower market-to-book stocks: safer stocks Price-to-earning (P/E) = market price per share / EPS  Low P/E, more bargain

22. Comparability Problems GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) is not unique  Inventory valuation: LIFO vs FIFO  Depreciation: Straight line vs Accelerated Quality of earnings affected by:  Allowance of bad debt; nonrecurring items; stock option; revenue recognition; off-balance-sheet assets and liabilities GAAP vs IAS (International Accounting Standards)

23. Quality of Earnings: Areas of Accounting Choices Allowance for bad debts:  When companies sell goods using credit, need to have allowance for bad debts. This is the estimate. Different companies have different estimates Non-recurring items:  Unusual income, does not happen regularly. Reserves management:  Different companies have different estimates of reserve for future investment Stock options  Companies use stock options as bonus therefore it should be reported as expenses and need to price the options Revenue recognition Off-balance sheet assets and liabilities

24. Figure 13.3 Adjusted Versus Reported Price-Earnings Ratios