1. Data Warehousing/Mining 1 Data Warehousing/Mining Comp 150 Additional Information Instructor: Dan Hebert

2. Data Warehousing/Mining 2 The Need for Data Analysis v Constant pressure from external and internal forces requires prompt tactical and strategic decisions. v The decision-making cycle time is reduced, while problems are increasingly complex with a growing number of internal and external variables. v Managers need support systems for facilitating quick decision making in a complex environment. v Decision support systems (DSS).

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4. 4 Decision Support Systems v Decision Support is a methodology (or a series of methodologies) designed to extract information from data and to use such information as a basis for decision making. v A decision support system (DSS) is an arrangement of computerized tools used to assist managerial decision making within a business. – A DSS usually requires extensive data “massaging” to produce information. – The DSS is used at all levels within an organization and is often tailored to focus on specific business areas or problems. – The DSS is interactive and provides ad hoc query tools to retrieve data and to display data in different formats.

5. Data Warehousing/Mining 5 Decision Support Systems v Four Components of a DSS – The data store component is basically a DSS database. – The data extraction and filtering component is used to extract and validate the data taken from the operational database and the external data sources. – The end user query tool is used by the data analyst to create the queries that access the database. – The end user presentation tool is used by the data analyst to organize and present the data.

6. Data Warehousing/Mining 6 Main Components Of A Decision Support System (DSS) Figure 13.1

7. Data Warehousing/Mining 7 Decision Support Systems v Operational Data vs. Decision Support Data – Most operational data are stored in a relational database in which the structures tend to be highly normalized. – The operational data storage is optimized to support transactions that represent daily operations. – Whereas operational data capture daily business transactions, DSS data give tactical and strategic business meaning to the operational data.

8. Data Warehousing/Mining 8 Decision Support Systems v Three Main Areas in Which DSS Data Differ from Operational Data – Time span u Operational data represent current (atomic) transactions. u DSS data tend to cover a longer time frame. – Granularity u Operational data represent specific transactions that occur at a given time. u DSS data must be presented at different levels of aggregation. – Dimensionality u Operational data focus on representing atomic transactions. u DSS data can be analyzed from multiple dimensions.

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10. 10 Table 13.2 Contrasting Operational And DSS Data Characteristics

11. Data Warehousing/Mining 11 Decision Support Systems v The DSS Database Requirements – Database Schema u The DSS database schema must support complex (non- normalized) data representations. u The queries must be able to extract multidimensional time slices.

12. Data Warehousing/Mining 12 Ten Year Sales History For A Single Department, Millions Of Dollars Table 13.3

13. Data Warehousing/Mining 13 Yearly Sales Summaries, Two Stores and Two Departments Per Store, Millions Of Dollars Table 13.4

14. Data Warehousing/Mining 14 Decision Support Systems – Data Extraction and Loading u The DBMS must support advanced data extracting and filtering tools. u The data extraction capabilities should support different data sources and multiple vendors. u Data filtering capabilities must include the ability to check for inconsistent data or data validation rules. u The DBMS must support advanced data integration, aggregation, and classification capabilities.

15. Data Warehousing/Mining 15 Yearly Sales Summaries, 20 Stores, 10 Departments Per Store, Millions Of Dollars Table 13.5

16. Data Warehousing/Mining 16 Decision Support Systems – End-User Analytical Interface u The DSS DBMS must support advanced data modeling and data presentation tools, data analysis tools, and query generation and optimization components. u The end user analytical interface is one of the most critical components. – Database Size Requirements u DSS databases tend to be very large. u The DBMS must be capable of supporting very large databases (VLDB). u The DBMS may be required to use advanced hardware, such as multiple disk arrays and multiple-processor technologies.

17. Data Warehousing/Mining 17 The Data Warehouse v The Data Warehouse is an integrated, subject- oriented, time-variant, non-volatile database that provides support for decision making. – Integrated u The Data Warehouse is a centralized, consolidated database that integrates data retrieved from the entire organization. – Subject-Oriented u The Data Warehouse data is arranged and optimized to provide answers to questions coming from diverse functional areas within a company.

18. Data Warehousing/Mining 18 The Data Warehouse – Time Variant u The Warehouse data represent the flow of data through time. It can even contain projected data. – Non-Volatile u Once data enter the Data Warehouse, they are never removed. u The Data Warehouse is always growing.

19. Data Warehousing/Mining 19 Table 13.6A Comparison Of Data Warehouse And Operational Database Characteristics

20. Data Warehousing/Mining 20 Creating A Data Warehouse Figure 13.3

21. Data Warehousing/Mining 21 The Data Warehouse v Data Mart – A data mart is a small, single-subject data warehouse subset that provides decision support to a small group of people. – Data Marts can serve as a test vehicle for companies exploring the potential benefits of Data Warehouses. – Data Marts address local or departmental problems, while a Data Warehouse involves a company-wide effort to support decision making at all levels in the organization.

22. Data Warehousing/Mining 22 DSS Architectural Styles Table 13.7

23. Data Warehousing/Mining 23 The Data Warehouse v Twelve Rules That Define a Data Warehouse 1.The Data Warehouse and operational environments are separated. 2.The Data Warehouse data are integrated. 3.The Data Warehouse contains historical data over a long time horizon. 4.The Data Warehouse data are snapshot data captured at a given point in time. 5.The Data Warehouse data are subject-oriented. 6.The Data Warehouse data are mainly read-only with periodic batch updates from operational data. No online updates are allowed. 7.The Data Warehouse development life cycle differs from classical systems development. The Data Warehouse development is data driven; the classical approach is process driven.

24. Data Warehousing/Mining 24 8.The Data Warehouse contains data with several levels of detail; current detail data, old detail data, lightly summarized, and highly summarized data. 9.The Data Warehouse environment is characterized by read-only transactions to very large data sets. The operational environment is characterized by numerous update transactions to a few data entities at the time. 10.The Data Warehouse environment has a system that traces data resources, transformation, and storage. 11.The Data Warehouse’s metadata are a critical component of this environment. The metadata identify and define all data elements. The metadata provide the source, transformation, integration, storage, usage, relationships, and history of each data element. 12.The Data Warehouse contains a charge-back mechanism for resource usage that enforces optimal use of the data by end users. The Data Warehouse

25. Data Warehousing/Mining 25 On-Line Analytical Processing v On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an advanced data analysis environment that supports decision making, business modeling, and operations research activities. v Four Main Characteristics of OLAP – Use multidimensional data analysis techniques – Provide advanced database support – Provide easy-to-use end user interfaces – Support client/server architecture

26. Data Warehousing/Mining 26 On-Line Analytical Processing v Multidimensional Data Analysis Techniques – The processing of data in which data are viewed as part of a multidimensional structure. – Multidimensional view allows end users to consolidate or aggregate data at different levels. – Multidimensional view allows a business analyst to easily switch business perspectives. – Figure 13.4

27. Data Warehousing/Mining 27 Figure 13.4 Operational Vs. Multidimensional View Of Sales

28. Data Warehousing/Mining 28 On-Line Analytical Processing v Additional Functions of Multidimensional Data Analysis Techniques – Advanced data presentation functions – Advanced data aggregation, consolidation, and classification functions – Advanced computational functions – Advanced data modeling functions

29. Data Warehousing/Mining 29 Figure 13.5 Integration Of OLAP With A Spreadsheet Program

30. Data Warehousing/Mining 30 On-Line Analytical Processing v Advanced Database Support – Access to many different kinds of DBMSs, flat files, and internal and external data sources. – Access to aggregated Data Warehouse data as well as to the detail data found in operational databases. – Advanced data navigation features such as drill-down and roll-up. – Rapid and consistent query response times. – The ability to map end user requests, expressed in either business or model terms, to the appropriate data source and then to the proper data access language. – Support for very large databases.

31. Data Warehousing/Mining 31 On-Line Analytical Processing v Easy-to-Use End User Interface – Easy-to-use graphical user interfaces make sophisticated data extraction and analysis tools easily accepted and readily used. v Client/Server Architecture – The client/server environment enables us to divide an OLAP system into several components that define its architecture.

32. Data Warehousing/Mining 32 On-Line Analytical Processing v OLAP Architecture – Three Main Modules u OLAP Graphical User Interface (GUI) u OLAP Analytical Processing Logic u OLAP Data Processing Logic – OLAP systems are designed to use both operational and Data Warehouse data.

33. Data Warehousing/Mining 33 Figure 13.7 OLAP Server Arrangement

34. Data Warehousing/Mining 34 Figure 13.8 OLAP Server With Multidimensional Data Store Arrangement

35. Data Warehousing/Mining 35 Figure 13.9 OLAP Server With Local Mini Data-Marts

36. Data Warehousing/Mining 36 On-Line Analytical Processing v Relational OLAP – Relational On-Line Analytical Processing (ROLAP) provides OLAP functionality by using relational database and familiar relational query tools. – Extensions to RDBMS u Multidimensional data schema support within the RDBMS u Data access language and query performance optimized for multidimensional data u Support for very large databases

37. Data Warehousing/Mining 37 On-Line Analytical Processing – Multidimensional Data Schema Support within the RDBMS u Normalization of tables in relational technology is seen as a stumbling block to its use in OLAP systems. u DSS data tend to be non-normalized, duplicated, and pre- aggregated. u ROLAP uses a special design technique to enable RDBMS technology to support multidimensional data representations, known as star schema. u Star schema creates the near equivalent of a multidimensional database schema from the existing relational database.

38. Data Warehousing/Mining 38 On-Line Analytical Processing – Data Access Language and Query Performance Optimized for Multidimensional Data u Most decision support data requests require the use of multiple-pass SQL queries or multiple nested SQL statements. u ROLAP extends SQL so that it can differentiate between access requirements for data warehouse data and operational data. – Support for Very Large Databases u Decision support data are normally loaded in bulk (batch) mode from the operational data. u RDBMS must have the proper tools to import, integrate, and populate the data warehouse with operational data. u The speed of the data-loading operations is important.

39. Data Warehousing/Mining 39 Figure 13.10 A Typical ROLAP Client/Server Architecture

40. Data Warehousing/Mining 40 On-Line Analytical Processing v Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) – MOLAP extends OLAP functionality to multidimensional databases (MDBMS). – MDBMS end users visualize the stored data as a multidimensional cube known as a data cube. – Data cubes are created by extracting data from the operational databases or from the data warehouse. – Data cubes are static and require front-end design work. – To speed data access, data cubes are normally held in memory, called cube cache. – MOLAP is generally faster than their ROLAP counterparts. It is also more resource-intensive. – MDBMS is best suited for small and medium data sets. – Multidimensional data analysis is also affected by how the database system handles sparsity.

41. Data Warehousing/Mining 41 MOLAP Client/Server Architecture Figure 13.11

42. Data Warehousing/Mining 42 Relational Vs. Multidimensional OLAP Table 13.8

43. Data Warehousing/Mining 43 Star Schema v The star schema is a data-modeling technique used to map multidimensional decision support into a relational database. v Star schemas yield an easily implemented model for multidimensional data analysis while still preserving the relational structure of the operational database. v Four Components: – Facts – Dimensions – Attributes – Attribute hierarchies

44. Data Warehousing/Mining 44 A Simple Star Schema Figure 13.12

45. Data Warehousing/Mining 45 Star Schema v Facts – Facts are numeric measurements (values) that represent a specific business aspect or activity. – The fact table contains facts that are linked through their dimensions. – Facts can be computed or derived at run-time (metrics). v Dimensions – Dimensions are qualifying characteristics that provide additional perspectives to a given fact. – Dimensions are stored in dimension tables.

46. Data Warehousing/Mining 46 Star Schema v Attributes – Each dimension table contains attributes. Attributes are often used to search, filter, or classify facts. – Dimensions provide descriptive characteristics about the facts through their attributes. Table 13.9 Possible Attributes For Sales Dimensions

47. Data Warehousing/Mining 47 Three Dimensional View Of Sales Figure 13.13

48. Data Warehousing/Mining 48 Slice And Dice View Of Sales Figure 13.14

49. Data Warehousing/Mining 49 Star Schema v Attribute Hierarchies – Attributes within dimensions can be ordered in a well-defined attribute hierarchy. – The attribute hierarchy provides a top-down data organization that is used for two main purposes: u Aggregation u Drill-down/roll-up data analysis

50. Data Warehousing/Mining 50 A Location Attribute Hierarchy Figure 13.15

51. Data Warehousing/Mining 51 Attribute Hierarchies In Multidimensional Analysis Figure 13.16

52. Data Warehousing/Mining 52 Star Schema v Star Schema Representation – Facts and dimensions are normally represented by physical tables in the data warehouse database. – The fact table is related to each dimension table in a many-to-one (M:1) relationship. – Fact and dimension tables are related by foreign keys and are subject to the primary/foreign key constraints.

53. Data Warehousing/Mining 53 Figure 13.17 Star Schema For Sales

54. Data Warehousing/Mining 54 Figure 13.18 Orders Star Schema

55. Data Warehousing/Mining 55 Star Schema v Performance-Improving Techniques – Normalization of dimensional tables – Multiple fact tables representing different aggregation levels – Denormalization of fact tables – Table partitioning and replication

56. Data Warehousing/Mining 56 Figure 13.19 Normalized Dimension Tables

57. Data Warehousing/Mining 57 Figure 13.20 Multiple Fact Tables

58. Data Warehousing/Mining 58 Data Warehouse Implementation v The Data Warehouse as an Active Decision Support Network – A Data Warehouse is a dynamic support framework. – Implementation of a Data Warehouse is part of a complete database-system-development infrastructure for company-wide decision support. – Its design and implementation must be examined in the light of the entire infrastructure.

59. Data Warehousing/Mining 59 Data Warehouse Implementation v A Company-Wide Effort that Requires User Involvement and Commitment at All Levels – For a successful design and implementation, the designer must: u Involve end users in the process. u Secure end users’ commitment from the beginning. u Create continuous end user feedback. u Manage end user expectations. u Establish procedures for conflict resolution.

60. Data Warehousing/Mining 60 Data Warehouse Implementation v Satisfy the Trilogy: Data, Analysis, and Users – For a successful design and implementation, the designer must satisfy: u Data integration and loading criteria. u Data analysis capabilities with acceptable query performance. u End user data analysis needs.

61. Data Warehousing/Mining 61 Data Warehouse Implementation v Apply Database Design Procedures – Data Warehouse development is a company- wide effort and requires many resources: people, financial, and technical. u The sheer and often mind-boggling quantity of decision support data is likely to require the latest hardware and software. u It is also imperative to have very detailed procedures to orchestrate the flow of data from the operational databases to the Dare Warehouse. u To implement and support the Data Warehouse architecture, we also need people with advanced database design, software integration, and management skills.

62. Data Warehousing/Mining 62 Data Warehouse Implementation Road Map Figure 13.21

63. Data Warehousing/Mining 63 Data Mining v In contrast to the traditional (reactive) DSS tools, the data mining premise is proactive. v Data mining tools automatically search the data for anomalies and possible relationships, thereby identifying problems that have not yet been identified by the end user. v Data mining tools -- based on algorithms that form the building blocks for artificial intelligence, neural networks, inductive rules, and predicate logic -- initiate analysis to create knowledge.

64. Data Warehousing/Mining 64 Extraction Of Knowledge From Data Figure 13.22

65. Data Warehousing/Mining 65 Data Mining v Four Phases of Data Mining 1. Data Preparation u Identify and cleanse data sets. u Data Warehouse is usually used for data mining operations. 2. Data Analysis and Classification u Identify common data characteristics or patterns using – Data groupings, classifications, clusters, or sequences. – Data dependencies, links, or relationships. – Data patterns, trends, and deviations.

66. Data Warehousing/Mining 66 Data Mining 3. Knowledge Acquisition u Select the appropriate modeling or knowledge acquisition algorithms. u Examples: neural networks, decision trees, rules induction, genetic algorithms, classification and regression tree, memory-based reasoning, or nearest neighbor and data visualization. 4. Prognosis u Predict future behavior and forecast business outcomes using the data mining findings.

67. Data Warehousing/Mining 67 Data-Mining Phases Figure 13.23

68. Data Warehousing/Mining 68 A Sample Of Current Data Warehousing And Data Mining Vendors Table 13.10