1. International Agriculture and Food Workshop University of Wisconsin Law School April 21, 2009 Dr. John M. Greenler

2. Cellulosic (Second Generation) Biofuels: Sustainability and Food Security

3. The Biofuels Ideal

4. Biomass: currently 10% of global energy flow

5. World Biomass Energy Flows United Nations IPCC 4 th Assessment Report ( 2007)

6. C. Cleveland and R. Kaufmann, Fundamental principles of energy, 2008, Encyclopedia of Earth

10. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Figure 14-1: U.S. Energy Consumption by Sector, 1994–2004” (2005); http://www.bts.gov/publications/transportation_statistics_annual_report/2005/html/chapter_02/figure_14_01.html

12. Creating Cellulosic Biofuels  What is Cellulose?  Tough to Breakdown: Cellulose is the most abundant biological material on Earth

13. How Cellulosic Ethanol is Made

14. Plant Breeding for Greater Biofuels Potential

16. Bioprospecting - Thermophiles at Yellowstone

17. Long-Term Strategy for Improved Fuel/Ethanol Yields 1) Aerobic growth: optimize production of extracellular enzymes (lignocellulases) 2) Anaerobic growth: optimize production of enzymes, transporters, & pathways to funnel carbon to fuel production (ethanol, others) Improved Biomass Conversion

18. Developing Improved Enzymes for Biomass Processing “Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda”, DOE

19. Goal: Predict Behavior of Bioenergy Production Systems High Input, Low Diversity (annuals) Low Input, High Diversity (perennials) Continuous Corn Corn-Soybean-Canola Monoculture switchgrass Switchgrass - Legumes Early successional Native prairie Poplars Sustainable Bioenergy Practices Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Social

20. Are There Win-Win Scenarios? Ecosystem services: Food, pharmaceuticals, energy, climate regulation, pollination, nutrient cycling, recreation…

23. Where Should Biofuels Crops Be Grown? - Global Perspectives

24. DOE Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs)  GLBRC is one of three Bioenergy Research Centers funded by the Department of Energy to conduct transformational biofuels research