1. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

2. What is Geothermal Energy?
The term geothermal comes from the Greek geo meaning earth and therme meaning heat thus geothermal energy is energy derived from the natural heat of the earth..
The earth’s temperature varies widely, and geothermal energy is usable for a wide range of temperatures from room temperature to well over 300° F. For commercial use, a geothermal reservoir capable of providing hydrothermal (hot water and steam) resources is necessary. Geothermal reservoirs are generally classified as being either low temperature (<150° C) or high temperature (>150° C).
Generally speaking, the high temperature reservoirs are the ones suitable for, commercial production of electricity. Geothermal reservoirs are found in “geothermal systems” which are regionally localized geologic settings where the earth’s naturally occurring heat flow is near enough to the earth’s surface to bring steam or hot water to the surface

3. DRY STEAM
Power plants using dry steam systems were the first type of geothermal power generation plants built. They use the steam from the geothermal reservoir as it comes from wells, and route it directly through turbine/generator units to produce electricity. An example of a dry steam generation operation is at the Geysers in northern California

4. HOT WATER / FLASH STEAM
Hot water geothermal reservoirs are the most common type. In a liquid-dominated reservoir, the hot water has not vaporized into steam because the reservoir is saturated with water and is under pressure. To generate electricity, the hot water is piped from geothermal wells to one or more separators where the pressure is lowered and the water flashes into steam. The steam then propels a turbine generator to produce electricity.

5. Single and Double Flash
Based on Juli 2004 data:
40 % total geothermal on the word.
Range capacity: 3 MW – 90 MW
On the same geothermal fluid condition 15 – 20% more power output.

7. Binary Cycle
A binary cycle power plant is used when the water in a hot water reservoir is not hot enough to flash into steam. Instead, the lower-temperature hot water is used to heat a fluid that expands when warmed. The turbine is powered from the expanded, pressurized fluid. Afterwards, the fluid is cooled and recycled to be heated over and over again.

8. Working Fluid: Fluid Formula Mollar mass Relative Exit Area Ammonia
NH3
17.03
1.0
Propane
C3H8
44.09
1.9
i-Butane
i-C4H10
58.12
4.9
n-Butane
C4H10
6.3
i-Pentane
i-C5H12
72.15
12.2
n-Pentane
C5H12
14.6
Condition: Turbine inlet temperature 400 K
Condensing Temp: 320 K

9. Geothermal Energy and the Environment
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that does little damage to the environment.
Geothermal steam and hot water do contain naturally occurring traces of hydrogen sulfide (a gas that smells like rotten eggs) and other gases and chemicals that can be harmful in high concentrations. Geothermal power plants use "scrubber" systems to clean the air of hydrogen sulfide and the other gases. Sometimes the gases are converted into marketable products, such as liquid fertilizer. Newer geothermal power plants can even inject these gases back into the geothermal wells.
Geothermal power plants do not burn fuels to generate electricity as do fossil fuel plants. Geothermal power plants release less than one to four percent of the amount of carbon dioxide (C02) emitted by coal plants.
Emissions of sulfur compounds from motor vehicles and fossil fuel plants are also major contributors to acid rain. Geothermal power plants, on the other hand, emit only about one to three percent of the sulfur compounds that coal and oil-fired power plants do. Well-designed binary cycle power plants have no emissions at all.
Geothermal power plants are compatible with many environments. They have been built in deserts, in the middle of crops, and in mountain forests.

10. Comparison between Geothermal Power Plant and Coal-fired Thermal Power Plant  

11. Plant and Unit size Geothermal Conventional Steam Power Plant
Relatively smaller unit size (Max. 110MW) makes unit construction cost high (because of (1) availability of geothermal steam; (2) difficulty of transportation to geothermal power plant located in mountainous area; (3) limitation of turbine last blade length.).
The size can be decided depending on power demand, availability of fuel, etc. Plant size and unit size are big (600 to 1,000MW) makes unit construction cost low.

12. STEAM CONSUMPTION:

13. Steam Turbine & Condenser
Geothermal
Conventional Steam Power Plant
Because steam pressure is relatively low (Usually 6 to10 bara, Max. 19 bara), size of the turbine is bigger compared to thermal power plants of the same capacity
All stainless steel (316L) or stainless clad steel because of NCGs.
High steam pressure (about 90 bara) makes size of steam turbine small
Depend on available main cooling water.

14. COOLING TOWER geothermal Conventional steam power plant
Because geothermal power plants are usually located in mountainous area where sufficient cooling water is not available, cooling tower is mandatory.
N/A: Because most of thermal power plants are located at sea side for fuel transportation and cooling (sea) water, cooling tower is not necessary

15. Theorotical Calculation Turbine Inlet Steam Condition
STEAM POWER PLANT
GEO
THERMAL
Reference Data
Steam Flow (ton/Hr)
145
(= kg/s)
Output (kW) at 145t/h
34,179
20,000
1.71 times
Theorotical Calculation
Turbine Inlet Steam Condition
P1 (bara)
87.3 8
T1 (deg C)
510
170
h1 (kJ/kg)
3,415
2,767
s1 (J/kg K)
6,709
6,660
Turbine Outlet Steam Condition
P2 (bara)
0.09
0.11
T2 (deg C) 44 48
s2 (J/kg K) X2
0.80
h2 (kJ/kg)
2,112
2,120
Theoretical heat drop
Δh (kJ/kg)
1,302
647
Theoretical output (kW) at 145t/h
52,457
26,067
2.01 times

16. Comparison of Major Equipment / System
Thermal
Geothermal
Fuel System
Yes
N/A
Boiler
Turbine
Condenser
Boiler Feed Water System
Cooling Tower
Gas Extraction System
Small
Big
Feed Water Treatment System
Flue Gas De-sulferization Equipment
Yes (1)
(2) Depend on Environmental Regulation

19. Main Cooling Water System
The main cooling system of the main condenser comprises :
the two main circulating pumps 50 %,
the cooling tower,
the piping and valves.

21. Cooling Tower Parameters:
The cooling system of the geothermal plant comprises a cooling tower of natural draught or forced draught type whose function is to discharge to atmosphere the waste heat rejected at the condenser.
Considering the flow range of water to be cooled (average 6,500 m3/h for 20 MW unit / 15,900 m3/h for 55 MW unit) a forced draught tower with air directed through the tower by means of a fan, is the most suitable type for this application.

22. Auxiliary Cooling Water System
The auxiliairy cooling water system shall comprise
The primary auxiliary cooling water system,
The secondary auxiliary cooling water system.
Primary auxiliary cooling water system
The primary auxiliary cooling water system is derived from the cooled water of the cooling tower and shall be designed :
To ensure steam condensation inside the two ejectors condensers,
To ensure the heat dissipation of the secondary auxiliary cooling system.

24. Secondary Auxiliary Cooling Water System
The secondary auxiliary cooling water system is a closed circuit fed from the treated fresh water system ensuring cooling of the turbo-generator coolers through the two water/water exchangers.
This system shall mainly include :
The two secondary auxiliary cooling pumps,
The two water/water exchangers,
A make up tank.
The turbo-generator air-coolers,
The generator air-coolers,
The air compressors coolers (if compressed air system water cooled),
Various small coolers,