1. Process Integration and Intensification Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN: 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Abbildungsübersicht / List of Figures Tabellenübersicht / List of Tables

2. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2 Fig. 2.1: Summary of Heat Recovery targeting.

3. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 3 Fig. 2.2: Process Flow Diagram of a Heat Exchange match.

4. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 4 Fig. 2.3: The Onion Diagram.

5. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 5 Fig. 2.4: Data extraction – An example process flowsheet.

6. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 6 Tab. 2.1: Data set for Heat Recovery Analysis.

7. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 7 Fig. 2.5: Data extraction – heating and cooling demands.

8. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 8 Fig. 2.6: Initial flowsheet for Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”.

9. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 9 Tab. 2.2: Heat Recovery problem for Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”.

10. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 10 Fig. 2.7: Initial grid with placeholders for Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”.

11. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 11 Fig. 2.8: Option 1 – Matching Streams 1 and 3 (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

12. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 12 Fig. 2.9: Option 2 – Matching Streams 1 and 4 (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

13. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 13 Fig. 2.10: Option 3 – Matching Streams 2 and 3 (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

14. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 14 Fig. 2.11: Option 4 – Matching Streams 2 and 4 (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

15. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 15 Fig. 2.12: One possible HEN (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

16. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 16 Fig. 2.13: HEN with maximum Heat Integration (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

17. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 17 Fig. 2.14: HEN featuring minimum number of units (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

18. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 18 Fig. 2.15: HEN eliminating the need for cooling water (Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”).

19. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 19 Fig. 2.16: Thermodynamic limits on Heat Recovery.

20. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 20 Fig. 2.17: Constructing the Hot Composite Curve (HCC).

21. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 21 Fig. 2.18: The HCC and CCC at ΔT min = 10 °C.

22. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 22 Fig. 2.19: Variation of Heat Recovery targets with ΔT min.

23. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 23 Fig. 2.20: Trade-off between investment and energy costs as a function of ΔT min.

24. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 24 Fig. 2.21: The hot streams for Working Session “Setting energy targets” plotted separately.

25. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 25 Fig. 2.22: Starting and ending temperatures of the hot streams for Working Session “Setting energy targets”.

26. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 26 Fig. 2.23: Enthalpy balances for combining the hot streams for Working Session “Setting energy targets”.

27. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 27 Fig. 2.24: The Hot Composite Curve for Working Session “Setting energy targets”.

28. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 28 Fig. 2.25: The Cold Composite Curve for Working Session “Setting energy targets”.

29. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 29 Fig. 2.26: The two Composite Curves for Working Session “Setting energy targets”.

30. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 30 Fig. 2.27: Limits for process Heat Recovery set by the Pinch.

31. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 31 Fig. 2.28: Partitioning the Heat Recovery problem.

32. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 32 Fig. 2.29: More in – more out.

33. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 33 Tab. 2.3: PTA example: Process streams data (ΔT min = 10°C).

34. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 34 Fig. 2.30: Temperature shifting to ensure feasible heat transfer.

35. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 35 Tab. 2.4: Problem Table Algorithm (PTA) for the streams in Table 2.3.

36. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 36 Fig. 2.31: Heat cascade for the process data in Table 2.3.

37. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 37 Tab. 2.5: Obtaining the shifted temperatures (Working Session “The Problem Table Algorithm”).

38. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 38 Tab. 2.6: The Problem Table for Working Session “The Problem Table Algorithm”.

39. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 39 Fig. 2.32: Heat cascade for Working Session “The Problem Table Algorithm”.

40. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 40 Fig. 2.33: Threshold problems.

41. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 41 Fig. 2.34: Threshold HEN design cases.

42. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 42 Fig. 2.35: Choices of hot and cold utilities (amended after CPI 2004 and 2005).

43. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 43 Fig. 2.36: Constructing the GCC for the streams in Table 2.3.

44. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 44 Fig. 2.37: Relation between the GCC (left) and the SCC (right) for the streams in Table 3.

45. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 45 Fig. 2.38: Targeting for two steam levels using the GCC.

46. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 46 Fig. 2.39: Properties of non-isothermal hot utilities.

47. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 47 Fig. 2.40: Constraints for placing hot oil utilities.

48. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 48 Fig. 2.41: Generating steam below the Pinch.

49. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 49 Fig. 2.42: Exploiting the pocket of the Grand Composite Curve for utility substitution.

50. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 50 Fig. 2.43: Placing refrigeration levels for pure refrigerants.

51. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 51 Fig. 2.44: Locating the LP steam Utility Pinch.

52. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 52 Fig. 2.45: Enthalpy intervals and area targeting.

53. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 53 Fig. 2.46: Heat engine configuration.

54. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 54 Fig. 2.47: Appropriate placement of heat engines.

55. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 55 Fig. 2.48: Integrating a steam turbine above the Pinch.

56. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 56 Fig. 2.49: Heat-pump configuration.

57. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 57 Fig. 2.50: Heat pump placement for a Heat Recovery problem.

58. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 58 Fig. 2.51: Procedure for heat-pump sizing.

59. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 59 Fig. 2.52: Heat-pump sizing example: Initial data.

60. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 60 Fig. 2.53: Heat-pump sizing example: Attempt 1.

61. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 61 Fig. 2.54: Heat-pump sizing example: Attempt 2.

62. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 62 Fig. 2.55: Heat-pump sizing example: Attempt 3.

63. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 63 Fig. 2.56: Heat-pump placement across the Utility Pinch.

64. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 64 Fig. 2.57: Refrigeration systems.

65. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 65 Fig. 2.58: Distillation column: T-H representation.

66. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 66 Fig. 2.59: Distillation column: Integration options.

67. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 67 Fig. 2.60: Appropriate placement of distillation columns in terms of the GCC.

68. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 68 Fig. 2.61: The plus-minus principle.

69. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 69 Fig. 2.62: Keep Hot Streams Hot (KHSH)/ Keep Cold Streams Cold (KCSC).

70. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 70 Fig. 3.1: Using a general process flowsheet to represent a HEN.

71. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 71 Fig. 3.2: Conventional HEN flowsheet.

72. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 72 Tab. 3.1: PTA example: Process streams data (ΔT min = 10 °C).

73. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 73 Fig. 3.3: The Grid Diagram for HENs.

74. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 74 Fig. 3.4: The Grid Diagram and implications of the Pinch.

75. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 75 Fig. 3.5: Dividing at the Pinch for the streams from Table 3.1.

76. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 76 Fig. 3.6: The Pinch design principle.

77. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 77 Fig. 3.7: An infeasible heat exchanger match above the Pinch.

78. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 78 Fig. 3.8: A feasible heat exchanger match above the Pinch.

79. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 79 Fig. 3.9: CP tables.

80. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 80 Fig. 3.10: The tick-off heuristic.

81. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 81 Fig. 3.11: Completing the HEN design above the Pinch.

82. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 82 Fig. 3.12: The HEN design below the Pinch.

83. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 83 Fig. 3.13: The completed HEN design.

84. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 84 Fig. 3.14: Splitting above the Pinch for N H > N C.

85. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 85 Fig. 3.15: Splitting below the Pinch for N C > N H.

86. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 86 Fig. 3.16: Splitting to enable CP values for essential matches.

87. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 87 Fig. 3.17: Splitting and (trivial) tick-off.

88. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 88 Fig. 3.18: Splitting and advanced tick-off.

89. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 89 Fig. 3.19: Splitting procedure above the Pinch.

90. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 90 Fig. 3.20: Loop and path in a Heat Exchanger Network.

91. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 91 Fig. 3.21: Initial flowsheet for Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”.

92. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 92 Tab. 3.2: Heat Recovery problem for Working Session “Introduction to Heat Integration”.

93. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 93 Fig. 3.22: Obtaining the temperature boundaries for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

94. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 94 Fig. 3.23: The Problem Table for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

95. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 95 Fig. 3.24: The heat cascade for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

96. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 96 Fig. 3.25: The empty design grid for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

97. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 97 Fig. 3.26: Design below the Pinch for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

98. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 98 Fig. 3.27: Design above the Pinch for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

99. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 99 Fig. 3.28: The complete HEN design for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

100. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 100 Fig. 3.29: An alternative HEN design for Working Session “HEN design for maximum Heat Recovery”.

101. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 101 Tab. 3.3: Process stream data for Working Session “An advanced HEN example”.

102. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 102 Fig. 3.30: Composite Curves for Working Session “An advanced HEN example”.

103. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 103 Tab. 3.4: Utility requirements and costs for various ΔT min values for Working Session “An advanced HEN example”.

104. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 104 Fig. 3.31: Minimum allowed temperature difference ΔT min versus annual utility cost for Working Session “An advanced HEN example”.

105. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 105 Fig. 3.32: Optimal Heat Exchanger Networks for Working Session “An advanced HEN example”.

106. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 106 Fig. 3.33: Spaghetti superstructure fragment.

107. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 107 Fig. 3.34: An existing HEN.

108. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 108 Fig. 3.35: A HEN with added heat exchanger (E4) achieving the targets.

109. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 109 Fig. 4.1: Procedure for Total Site targeting.

110. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 110 Fig. 4.2: Typical Total Site in industry.

111. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 111 Tab. 4.1: Stream specifications for Process A (Chemical Plant).

112. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 112 Fig. 4.3: Total Site data extraction procedure.

113. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 113 Tab. 4.2: Stream specifications for Process B (Food Processing Plant).

114. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 114 Fig. 4.4: A simple site.

115. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 115 Tab. 4.3: Stream specifications for Process C (Hospital).

116. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 116 Fig. 4.5: GCC for Process A.

117. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 117 Tab. 4.4: Stream specifications for Process D (Residential Area).

118. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 118 Tab. 4.5: Available site utilities.

119. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 119 Fig. 4.6: Eliminating the pocket from the GCC of Process A.

120. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 120 Tab. 4.6: Heat Sources for Process A.

121. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 121 Tab. 4.7: Heat Sinks for Process A.

122. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 122 Fig. 4.7: GCC for Process B.

123. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 123 Fig. 4.8: GCC for Process C.

124. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 124 Fig. 4.9: GCC for Process D.

125. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 125 Tab. 4.8: Heat Sources for the example site.

126. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 126 Tab. 4.9: Heat Sinks for the example site.

127. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 127 Tab. 4.10: Total Site Example 2 – Process A streams.

128. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 128 Fig. 4.10: Total Site Example 2 – GCC for Process A.

129. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 129 Fig. 4.11: Total Site Example 2 – GCC for Process B.

130. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 130 Tab. 4.11: Total Site Example 2 – Process B streams.

131. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 131 Tab. 4.12: Total Site Example 2 – Heat Sources.

132. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 132 Tab. 4.13: Total Site Example 2 – Heat Sinks.

133. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 133 Fig. 4.12: Combining the site Heat Sources (Total Site Example 2).

134. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 134 Fig. 4.13: Combining the site Heat Sinks (Total Site Example 2).

135. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 135 Tab. 4.14: Data for the Site Source Profile. (Total Site Example 2)

136. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 136 Tab. 4.15: Data for the Site Sink Profile. (Total Site Example 2)

137. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 137 Fig. 4.14: Total Site Profiles (Total Site Example 2).

138. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 138 Fig. 4.15: Total Site Profiles with utilities (Total Site Example 2).

139. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 139 Fig. 4.16: Construction of Site Source CC and Site Sink CC (Total Site Example 2).

140. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 140 Fig. 4.17: Shift of the HUGCC toward the HUUCC and identification of the Total Site Pinch (Total Site Example 2).

141. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 141 Fig. 4.18: The Site Utility Grand Composite Curve (SUGCC) – Total Site Example 2.

142. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 142 Tab. 4.16: Regression coefficients for turbine performance estimation.

143. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 143 Tab. 4.17: Steam turbine regression coefficients for Total Site Example 2.

144. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 144 Fig. 4.19: The cogeneration target for Total Site Example 2.

145. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 145 Fig. 4.20: Additional power cogeneration by condensing steam turbines for Total Site Example 2.

146. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 146 Fig. 4.21: Typical utility generation and use trends for Total Site Profiles in the case of Total Site Example 2.

147. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 147 Fig. 4.22: Optimal saturation temperature of the LP steam header for Total Site Example 2.

148. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 148 Tab. 4.18: Results of the LP steam level optimisation for Total Site Example 2 (all quantities are in MW).

149. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 149 Fig. 4.23: Difference in the Total Site targets when allowing multiple ΔT min specifications.

150. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 150 Tab. 4.19: Power sources for Illustrative Case Study 1.

151. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 151 Tab. 4.20: Power demands for Illustrative Case Study 1.

152. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 152 Fig. 4.24: Individual power source and demand lines for Illustrative Case Study 1.

153. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 153 Fig. 4.25: Power Composite Curves (PCC) for a 24 h operation (Illustrative Case Study 1).

154. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 154 Fig. 4.26: Continuous Power Composite Curves (CPCC) for Illustrative Case Study 1.

155. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 155 Fig. 4.27: Continuous Power Composite Curves (CPCC) for Illustrative Case Study 2.

156. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 156 Tab. 5.1: Global average water footprints for several products (Water Footprint, 2012).

157. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 157 Fig. 5.1: Transfer of species from a rich to lean stream in a mass exchanger.

158. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 158 Fig. 5.2: Water source and demand.

159. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 159 Tab. 5.2: Applications of Water Pinch Analysis.

160. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 160 Fig. 5.3: Example 5.1. Speciality chemical plant.

161. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 161 Tab. 5.3: Water balance for Example 5.1.

162. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 162 Tab. 5.4: Modified stream data for Example 5.1.

163. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 163 Tab. 5.5: Source and Sink data extraction.

164. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 164 Fig. 5.4: Flowsheet of AN production for Example 5.2.

165. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 165 Tab. 5.6: Limiting water sinks data for AN production plant (Example 5.2).

166. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 166 Tab. 5.7: Limiting water sources data for AN production plant (Example 5.2).

167. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 167 Fig. 6.1: Limiting Composite Curve.

168. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 168 Fig. 6.2: Water Surplus Diagram.

169. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 169 Fig. 6.3: Source/Sink Composite Curve.

170. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 170 Fig. 6.4: Water Cascade Table.

171. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 171 Fig. 6.5: Algebraic steps for Water Source Diagram.

172. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 172 Fig. 6.6: Source Composite Curve.

173. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 173 Fig. 6.7: The principle of water cascading.

174. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 174 Tab. 6.1: Limiting water data for Example 6.1 (Polley and Polley, 2000).

175. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 175 Tab. 6.2: Water cascade table for Example 6.1.

176. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 176 Fig. 6.8: Source/Sink Composite Curve for Example 6.4. (a) Before shifting Source Composite Curve, (b) After shifting Source Composite Curve.

177. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 177 Fig. 6.9: Source/Sink Composite Curve – Pinch region classification.

178. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 178 Fig. 6.10: Location of various water sources relative to the Utility Line, SR5.

179. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 179 Fig. 6.11: SLA shifted along SR5. Final Composite Curve with minimum utility addition.

180. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 180 Fig. 6.12: SLB (S1) and SR5 shifted along the Cum m =0 line.

181. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 181 Fig. 6.13: SLA (S2 to S4) shifted upwards along SR5 from the new Pinch Point until SLA created another Pinch Point at C pinch = 100 ppm.

182. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 182 Fig. 6.14: Final Composite Curves with addition of S5.

183. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 183 Tab. 6.3: Limiting data for Example 6.2 from Sorin and Bedard (1999).

184. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 184 Fig. 6.15: SR6 utility line shifted along cum m =0 line.

185. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 185 Fig. 6.16: SLA shifted along SR6 until a Pinch Point occurred.

186. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 186 Fig. 6.17: SSCC after SR6 utility addition. SR5 flowrate reduction was exactly the same as the SR6 utility flowrate increment.

187. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 187 Tab. 6.4: Limiting data for Example 6.3 (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2007).

188. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 188 Fig. 6.18: Composite Curves with utility (S7) addition.

189. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 189 Tab. 6.5: Example 6.4 – Limiting data for threshold problem (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2007).

190. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 190 Fig. 6.19: SSCC for Example 6.4 – A threshold problem.

191. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 191 Fig. 6.20: SSCC for threshold problem with addition of SR4 utility.

192. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 192 Fig. 6.21: SSCC with addition of U1 (SR5) at C = 10 ppm.

193. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 193 Fig. 6.22: Shifting of SLB and U2 line (C = 80 ppm) along U1 (C = 10 ppm) line until a Pinch Point occurred.

194. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 194 Fig. 6.23: Final SSCC after addition of U1 and U2.

195. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 195 Tab. 6.6: Water cascade table for Example 5.1.

196. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 196 Tab. 6.7: Water cascade table for Example 5.2.

197. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 197 Fig. 6.24: Source Composite Curve for Example 5.1.

198. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 198 Fig. 6.25: Sink Composite Curve for Example 5.1.

199. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 199 Fig. 6.26: Source/Sink Composite Curve for Example 5.1.

200. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 200 Fig. 6.27: Source/Sink Composite Curve for Example 5.2.

201. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 201 Fig. 7.1: Network design by Source Sink Mapping Diagram (Polley and Polley, 2000).

202. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 202 Fig. 7.2: Satisfying the cleanest sink with cleanest water source using SSAC (a) flowrate deficit case, (b) mass load deficit case (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

203. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 203 Fig.7.3: Source and Sink Allocation Curves with utility stream concentration superior than all other streams.

204. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 204 Fig. 7.4: Source and Sink Sllocation Curves with utility stream concentration not superior than all other streams.

205. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 205 Fig. 7.5: Source/Sink Composite Curve for Example 6.2.

206. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 206 Fig. 7.6: Final SSAC for Example 6.2.

207. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 207 Fig. 7.7: SSAC for Example 6.2 where SK4 mass load was not satisfied for the region between Pinches.

208. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 208 Fig. 7.8: Final Network Allocation Diagram.

209. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 209 Tab. 7.1: Limiting data for Example 7.1.

210. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 210 Fig. 7.9: Source and Sink Composite Curves for Example 7.1.

211. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 211 Fig. 7.10: SSAC for Example 7.1 using Rule 1 satisfying SK1 for region below Pinches.

212. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 212 Fig. 7.11: Final SSAC for Example 7.1.

213. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 213 Fig. 7.12: Final Network Allocation Diagram for Example 7.1.

214. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 214 Fig. 7.13: The SSAC using Step 2 for Example 6.1.

215. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 215 Fig. 7.14: Another possible SSAC achieving the same minimum freshwater and wastewater flowrate targets.

216. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 216 Fig. 7.15: A possible SSAC with freshwater and wastewater penalty.

217. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 217 Fig. 7.16: Source and Sink Mapping Diagram for Example 5.1.

218. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 218 Fig. 7.17: Source/Sink Allocation Diagram and Network Allocation Diagram for Exercise 5.1.

219. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 219 Fig. 7.18: Water MATRIX – Water Cascade Table.

220. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 220 Fig. 7.19: Water MATRIX – Source/Sink Mapping Diagram.

221. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 221 Fig. 8.1: The Water Management Hierarchy (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

222. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 222 Fig. 8.2: A holistic framework to achieve CEMWN (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

223. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 223 Fig. 8.3: The Onion Diagram as a conceptual model of the hierarchy of the components of a chemical process (Linnhoff et al. 1982).

224. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 224 Fig. 8.4: IAS plot covering all levels of WM hierarchy. m 4 is the positive steepest gradient and TPP is the total payback period for a water network (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

225. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 225 Fig. 8.5: IAS plot showing the revised total payback period when the magnitude of the steepest gradient is reduced using SHARPS substitution strategy (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

226. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 226 Fig. 8.6: Linearisation of concave curves moving upwards (a) without peak (b) with peak. Convex curves moving upwards linearisation (c) without valley (d) with valley (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

227. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 227 Fig. 8.7: IAS plot showing the revised total payback period with a shorter steepest gradient curve (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

228. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 228 Fig. 8.8: The overall SHARPS procedure (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).

229. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 229 Fig. 8.9: MySem DI water balance.

230. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 230 Fig. 8.10: MySem non-process water balance (October-November).

231. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 231 Tab. 8.1: Limiting water data for MySem.

232. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 232 Tab. 8.2: Base-case maximum water recovery targets for MySem (without process changes).

233. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 233 Tab. 8.2: Base-case maximum water recovery targets for MySem (without process changes).

234. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 234 Tab. 8.3: Amount of IWT and domestic wastewater before and after integration.

235. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 235 Tab. 8.4: Various process change options applicable for MySem.

236. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 236 Fig. 8.11: The effects of WMH-guided process changes on the maximum water reuse/recovery targets and Pinch location.

237. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 237 Tab. 8.5: Various effects of EDI options on water targets.

238. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 238 Tab. 8.6: Effects of abatement options on water targets.

239. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 239 Tab. 8.7: MySem water targets after implementation of MWN technique.

240. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 240 Fig. 8.12: IAS plot for MWN retrofit.

241. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 241 Fig. 8.13: IAS plot after eliminating regeneration curve.

242. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 242 Fig. 8.14: F opt for cooling tower concave curve moving upwards (without peak).

243. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 243 Fig. 8.15: Final IAS plot after SHARPS analysis.

244. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 244 Fig. 8.16: Final CEMWN targets after SHARPS analysis.

245. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 245 Fig. 8.17: Source and Sink Composite Curves for MySem.

246. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 246 Fig. 8.18: Source and Sink Allocation Curves for MySem.

247. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 247 Fig. 8.19: Network Allocation Diagram based on simplified SSAC for MySem retrofit.

248. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 248 Fig. 8.20: MySem retrofit DI water balance and non- process water balance after CEMWN analysis, achieving 85.5 % freshwater and 97.7 % IWT reductions within 4 months payback.

249. Process Integration and Intensification, Klemeš / Varbanov / Wan Alwi / Manan ISBN 978-3-11-030664-4 © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 249 Fig. 8.21: Savings achieved by MySem in comparison to savings predicted through CEMWN technique (Wan Alwi and Manan, 2008).