1. Dynamics of Mantle Plumes Methods for modeling basic thermal plumes (with and without tracers) Plumes interacting with plates (and ridges) Plumes in thermo-chemical convection More elaborate proposals for plumes

2. Dynamics of the mantle…

3. (from Harpp and White, 2001, G-cubed) Fine-scale variations in the Galapagos Galapagos Islands Global scale: mantle contains both well-mixed regions and heterogeneity Fine scale heterogeneity Harpp and White, G-cubed 2001

4. Hawaiian emperor track (Steinberger et al. Nature 04)

5. From Garnero, Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Sciences, 2000

6. Figure courtesy of E. Garnero, ASU

7. Farnetani et al. 2002: Model 1: uniform mantle, low viscosity plume

8. Farnetani et al. 2002: Model 3: viscosity jump in transition zone Thin dense layer at base Low viscosity in plume

9. Farnetani et al: EPSL, 2002 Detail of mixing in plume: black tracers are from basal b.l. grey are from transition zone

10. Courtesy of Shijie Zhong, U. Colorado (see: Entrainment of a dense layer by thermal plumes Zhong and Hager, Geophysical Journal International September 2003)

11. Courtesy of Shijie Zhong, U. Colorado

12. B=1 Ra = 10 7 Color indicates Temperature Earth’s surface Core-mantle boundary Double Diffusive Convection Model of D” N. Montague and L. Kellogg, JGR, 2000

13. time horizontal distance N. Montague and L. Kellogg, JGR, 2000

14. A dense layer stabilizes the flow With a dense layer in D” No dense layer time N. Montague and L. Kellogg, JGR, 2000

15. B= 1 More temperature-dependent viscosity Kellogg and Montague, in preparation

16. Hansen & Yuen Varying properties with depth allows layering

17. Layered convection experiments by Anne Davaille, (Nature 402, 756, Dec. 1999)

18. Davaille experiments + several numerical models (redrawn from Davaille, 1999; color points are numerical models from various sources)

19. Courtillot, V., Davaille, A., Besse, J., Stock, J., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2003.

20. Courtillot, V., Davaille, A., Besse, J., Stock, J., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2003.

21. Olympus Mons (Mars)-Hawaii Comparison

22. Mixing in 2-D with particles Added at subduction zones Removed at mid-ocean ridges 2900 km 670 km Normalized viscosity Depth 0 km 1 10100 Hunt and Kellogg, 2000

23. Constant viscosity Pressure-dependent viscosity: smooth increase Transition zone viscosity: Jump at 670 km Hunt & Kellogg, 2000 - effect of viscosity on mixing viscosity 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10100

24. D. L. Hunt & L. H. Kellogg, 2000 Distribution of heterogeneities

25. Heat budget of the Earth (all values given in terawatts) various sources Total global heat flow: 44 TW Continental crust produces: 4.6 to 10 TW A uniform, depleted mantle could produce: 5 – 7 TW Total BSE Heat production: 20 TW + (from cosmochemistry) Requires (AT LEAST) 3 to 10.4 TW produced elsewhere (mantle or core)

26. Lithospheric Conduction Hotspot Volcanism Plate recycling Mars? Mercury Moon Venus? Io Earth Comparisons of mantle cooling regimes

27. Kellogg et al., 1999

28. After a figure in E. M. Moores, L. H. Kellogg, and Y. Dilek, Ophiolites, Tectonics, and Mantle Convection: a contribution to the "Ophiolite Conundrum", in Optiolites and the Oceanic Crust, GSA Special Paper 349, 3-12, 2000.

30. http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2004/nsf04593/nsf04593.htm or link to this from: http://www.csedi.orghttp://www.csedi.org National Science Foundation Cooperative Studies Of The Earth's Deep Interior (CSEDI) NSF 04-593 Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. proposer's local time): September 20, 2004 August 25, 2005 and annually thereafter Synopsis of Program: The Division of Earth Sciences (EAR) invites the submission of proposals for collaborative, interdisciplinary studies of the Earth's interior within the framework of the community-based initiative known as Cooperative Studies of the Earth's Deep Interior (CSEDI). Funding will support basic research on the character and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core, their influence on the evolution of the Earth as a whole, and on processes operating within the deep interior that affect or are expressed on the Earth's surface. Projects may employ any combination of field, laboratory, and computational studies with observational, theoretical, or experimental approaches. Support is available for research and research infrastructure through grants and cooperative agreements awarded in response to investigator-initiated proposals from U.S. universities and other eligible institutions. Multidisciplinary work is required. EAR will consider co-funding of projects with other agencies and supports international work and collaborations.