1. Electric Charge and Static Electricity
Notes

2. Electric Charge
Electric charge is a property of protons and electrons.
Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge.

3. Proton
Electron

4. Electric Charge
Two charges that are the same push away from each other. Two charges that are different pull toward each other.
If a proton and an electron come close together, they attract each other.
Attraction (pull) and repulsion (push) between electric charges is known as interaction between charges. The interaction between charges is called electricity.

5. Repulsion
Attraction

6. Electric Charge
This is different from the interaction between magnetic poles, which is known as magnetism.
The terms “positive” and “negative” were given to charges by Benjamin Franklin in the 1700s.

7. Electric Charge
Balloon + Aluminum Can
Comb + Paper
Balloon + Water

8. Electric Force
Electric force is the attraction or repulsion between electric charges.
A magnetic field surrounds a charged object. An electric field is a region around a charged object in which electric force occurs.

10. Electric Force
Suppose one charged object is placed in the electric field of a second charged object. The first charged object is either pushed or pulled -- repelled or attracted.
The strength of an electric field depends on how far away the charged object is. The farther away a charged object is, the weaker the electric field is.

11. The strength of an electric field is represented by how close the electric field lines are to each other.

12. Static Electricity
Most objects usually have no charge. However, objects can become charged.
If an object loses electrons, it has more protons than electrons. Therefore, it has a positive charge.
If an object gains electrons, it has more electrons than protons. Therefore is has a negative charge.

13. - + - + + - - - - - + + + - - + + + - - - - - - + - -
Before Rubbing
(uncharged)
After Rubbing
(Negatively Charged)

14. Static Electricity
Static Electricity is the buildup of charges on an object. Static means “not moving.” In static electricity, the charges do not flow or move.

15. Transferring Charge
An object becomes charged when electrons move from one place to another place.
Charging by friction is when electrons move from one uncharged object to another object by rubbing. For example, a girl charges by friction when she runs her socks on the carpet.

16. Transferring Charge
Charging by conduction is when electrons move from a charged object to another object by direct contact. You can charge yourself by conduction when you touch a charged object.
Think: carpet > socks = friction
Then: socks > feet = conduction

17. Transferring Charge
Charging by induction is when electrons move to one part of an object due to the electric field of another object. There is no touching in charging by induction.

18. Transferring Charge
You can find out if an object is charged by using an instrument called an electroscope.

19. When the object is uncharged, the leaves hang down, but if a charged object gets close, the leaves repel each other and spread apart.

20. Static Discharge
Charges may build up as static electricity on an object. But the charges do not stay on that object forever.
The loss of static electricity as charges move from one object to another is called static discharge.

21. Static Discharge
A static discharge often produces a spark. For example, there may be a tiny spark when you touch a metal doorknob. Lightning is another example of static discharge.

22. Section 6:2
Electric Current

23. Flow of Electric Charges
Electric current is the flow of electric charges through a material. The charges must flow continuously, or without stopping.
The rate of electric current through a wire is how much charge passes a place in a certain amount of time (One coulomb per second = 1 amp).
The unit used for the rate of electric current is the ampere. The name can be shortened to amp or A.

24. Flow of Electric Charges
A current needs a path to follow. An electric circuit is an unbroken path through which electric charges flow. An electric circuit is always a complete loop with no breaks in the loop.
If an electric circuit is complete, charges can flow continuously. If an electric circuit is broken, charges will stop flowing.

25. Open Circuit
Closed Circuit

26. Conductors and Insulators
Any material that an electric charge can go through easily is called a conductor. Metals are good conductors. Silver, copper, aluminum, and iron.
In a conductor, atoms contain electrons that are bound loosely. These electrons, called conduction electrons, are able to move throughout the conductor.

27. Conductors and Insulators
Any material that an electric charge has a hard time going through is called an insulator. Rubber, glass, plastic, and wood.
The rubber coating on an electric cord is an example of an insulator; allowing electrons to flow though the copper wiring inside, but preventing the electrons from flowing into your hand.

28. Voltage
Charges need energy to flow through a wire. The energy that makes charges flow is called electrical potential energy. A battery for example, creates an electrical potential energy in an electric circuit.

29. Voltage
Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in a circuit. Another name for voltage is potential difference. The unit of measure of voltage is volt, which is abbreviated as V.

30. Voltage
An electric circuit needs a source of energy to have voltage. A voltage source creates a potential difference, or voltage, in an electric circuit. A battery is an example of a voltage source. An electric generator is also a voltage source.

31. Resistance
Resistance is the measure of how hard it is for charges to flow through a material. The unit for resistance is the ohm the symbol Ω stands for “ohms.”
How much current there is through a circuit depends on how much resistance there is. The more resistance there is, the less current there will be.

32. Resistance
How much resistance there is in a wire depends on these four factors:
material the wire is made of
length of the wire
diameter of the wire
temperature of the wire

33. Resistance Material Conductor - Low Resistance
Insulator - High Resistance
Length
Short - Low Resistance
Long - High Resistance

34. Resistance, cont. Diameter Wide - Low Resistance
Narrow - High Resistance
Temperature
Hot - High Resistance
Cold - Low Resistance

35. Resistance
If an electric charge can flow through one or more paths with varying resistances, it will flow through the path with the least resistance.

36. Bird on an Electric Wire The bird has more resistance than the wire.

37. Section 6:4
Electric Circuits

38. Ohm’s Law
Current, voltage, and resistance are related to one another. The relationship among resistance, voltage, and current is summed up in Ohm’s Law.

39. Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law states that the resistance of most conductors does not depend on the voltage across them.
Changing the voltage in a circuit changes the current but will not change the resistance.
Ohm concluded that conductors and most other devices have a constant resistance regardless of the applied voltage.

40. Ohm’s Law The equation for Ohm’s Law is:
The units in the equation are:
Ohms (Ω) = Volts (V) ÷ Amps (A)
Voltage
Resistance =
or R=V/I
Current

41. Ohm’s Law
You can rearrange Ohm’s Law to find voltage with this equation:
Voltage = Current X Resistance or
V=IR

42. Ohm’s Law
If a circuit has a resistance of 30.5 ohms and a current of .05 amps, what is it’s voltage?
1.52 volts

43. Ohm’s Law
The brake light on an automobile is connected to a 12-volt battery. If the resulting current is 0.40 amps, what is the resistance of the brake light?
30 Ω

44. Features of a Circuit
Circuits have devices that are run by electrical energy.
A circuit has a source of electrical energy.
Electric circuits are connected by conducting wires.

45. Features of a Circuit
Radios, appliances, and light bulbs are examples of electrical devices. All these devices resist the flow of electrical energy. As a result, electrical devices are known as resistors.

46. Features of a Circuit
Sources of electrical energy in a circuit include batteries, generators, and electric power plants. When you plug a radio into a wall socket, the source of electrical energy is your local electric plant.

47. Features of a Circuit
Conducting wires complete the path of an electric circuit. Wires allow charges to flow from the energy source to the electric device and back to the energy source.

48. Features of a Circuit
Often, a switch is placed in an electric circuit. With a switch, you can turn a device on or off by opening or closing the circuit.

50. Circuit Diagram

51. Circuit Diagram

52. Electric Circuits
Part 2

53. Series Circuits
A series circuit has all the parts of the circuit connected on one path.
An example of a series circuit is a circuit with a battery and two light bulbs connected by a single wire.

55. Series Circuits
Suppose a series circuit has two light bulbs. If one burns out, the second bulb goes out because the circuit is broken when the first bulb burns out.

56. Series Circuits
If you add resistors to a series circuit, the resistance of the circuit increases.
This can be shown as:
RTotal=R1+R2+R3...
Remember, Resistance is measured in Ohms and uses the symbol Ω.

57. Series Circuits
In a series circuit, the current throughout the circuit is constant.
This can be shown as:
ITotal = I1 = I2 = I3...
Where current is represented by the letter I in the equation, but is measured using the units amperes or amps, and uses the units A.

58. Series Circuits
Also, in a series circuit, as bulbs are added in line, all of the bulbs become dimmer.
Each bulb adds more resistance to the circuit, therefore, for a constant voltage, when resistance increases, current decreases.

60. Series Circuits
An ammeter is an instrument used to measure current.

61. Parallel Circuits
A parallel circuit has more than one path for current to take. There are separate branches in a parallel circuit. Each resistor may be on its own branch.

63. Parallel Circuits
Suppose a parallel circuit has two light bulbs, each on its own branch. If one light bulb burns out, the other light bulb will stay lit. The second bulb stays lit because it is on its own branch.

64. Parallel Circuits
Because the voltage source (battery) provides constant voltage, the only factors that can change in a circuit are resistance and current.

65. Parallel Circuits
In a parallel circuit, when more branches are added, the overall resistance decreases, meaning that the current will increase.
Think blowing through one straw versus blowing through 2 straws. Two straws allow twice as much air through, but your lungs are only capable of blowing so much at a time.

66. Parallel Circuits
The major disadvantage of a parallel circuit is that as you add more things in parallel, the current draw on the source goes up with each new branch. If the source cannot supply the current that is demanded by the multiple resistors of the circuit, the voltage will (must!) decrease. This could be bad, as some devices, notably motors, do not like to run at low voltage and can actually be damaged if voltage decreases too much.

68. Parallel Circuits
A voltmeter is a device used to measure voltage, or electrical potential energy difference.

69. Parallel Circuits The circuits in your home are parallel.
Electrical energy enters your home through heavy-duty, low resistance wires, and then branch out in parallel to your wall sockets, then to appliances and lights in each room.
The voltage in most household circuits is 120 V.