1. Chapter 13 Renewable Energy and Conservation

2. Overview of Chapter 13 Direct Solar Energy Indirect Solar Energy
Heating Buildings and Water
Solar Thermal Electric Generation
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Indirect Solar Energy
Biomass Energy
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Other Renewable Energy Sources
Geothermal Energy
Tidal Energy
High and Low Technology Energy Solution
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Energy Efficiency

3. Direct Solar Energy
Varies with latitude, season, time of day, and cloud cover

4. Heating Buildings and Water
Passive solar energy
system of putting the sun’s energy to use without requiring mechanical devices to distribute the collected heat
Certain design features can enhance passive solar energy’s heating potential
South facing windows (in N. hemisphere)
Well insulated buildings
Attic vents
Overhangs and solar sunspaces

6. Solar sunspace Utilizes passive solar energy to heat and cool homes
Can be added to existing homes

7. Heating Buildings and Water
Active Solar Energy
System of collecting and absorbing the sun’s energy, and using pumps or fans distribute the collected heat
Most common
Series of collection devices on roofs or in fields
Typically a black panel or plate
Used to heat water

8. Heating Buildings and Water
Solar Thermal Electric Generation
Means of producing electricity in which the sun’s energy is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to either heat a fluid filled pipe or drive a Stirling engine
More efficient than other solar technologies
Benefits
No air pollution
No contribution to global warming or acid precipitation

9. Solar Thermal Electric Generation

10. Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Thin cells are treated with certain metals so that they generate electricity when they absorb solar energy
Convert sunlight directly into energy
No pollution and minimal maintenance
Used on any scale
Lighted road signs
Entire buildings

11. Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Can be incorporated into building materials
Roofing shingles
Tile
Window glass

12. Cost of Electrical Power Plants

13. Indirect Solar Energy Biomass Can convert to biogas or liquids
Plant materials used as fuel
Ex: wood, crop wastes, sawdust, and animal wastes
Contains energy from sun via photosynthesizing plants
Renewable when used no faster than it can be produced
Can convert to biogas or liquids
Ethanol and methanol

14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass
Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
Often uses waste materials
If trees are planted at same rate biomass is combusted, no net increase in atmospheric CO2
Disadvantages
Requires land, water and energy
Can lead to
Deforestation
Desertification
Soil erosion

15. Indirect Solar Energy Wind Energy
Electric or mechanical energy obtained from surface air currents caused by solar warming of air
World’s fastest growing source of energy
Wind results from sun warming the atmosphere
Varies in direction and magnitude
New wind turbines harness wind efficiently

16. Wind Energy Most profitable in rural areas with constant wind
Few environmental problems
Kills birds and bats
No waste- clean source of energy
Biggest constraints
Cost
Public resistance

17. Indirect Solar Energy Hydropower Sun’s energy drive hydrologic cycle
Form of renewable energy reliant on flowing or falling water to generate mechanical energy or electricity
Sun’s energy drive hydrologic cycle
Most efficient energy source (90%)

18. Hydropower Generates 19% of world’s energy Traditional hydropower
Only suited for large dams
New technology
May be able to utilize low flow waterways
Problems with Dams
Changes natural flow of rivers
Disrupts migratory fish patterns
Potential dam breaks

19. Other Indirect Solar Energy
Ocean waves
Produced by winds
Has potential to turn a turbine- and create electricity
Ocean Temperature Gradients
Use difference in temperature of surface and deep water to create electricity

20. Other Renewable Energy Sources
Geothermal Energy
Energy from the Earth’s interior for either space heating or generation of electricity
From Hydrothermal Reservoirs (left)
Created by volcanoes
Reservoirs used directly for heat or to generate electricity

21. Geothermal Energy From hot, dry rock Geothermal heat pumps
Use difference in temperature between surface and subsurface
Great for heating buildings
Expensive installation

22. Other Renewable Energy Sources
Tidal Energy
Form of renewable energy that relies of the ebb and flow of the tides to generate electricity
Typical difference between high and low tide is 1-2 ft
Narrow bays may have greater variation
Energy can be captured with
A dam across the bay
A turbine similar to a wind turbine

23. Hydrogen as a Fuel Source
Advantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source
Very high energy density
Can be produced from any electrical source
Electrolysis (see illustration on next slide)
No greenhouse gases and few other pollutants
Can be used in vehicles
Disadvantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source
Highly volatile (requires special storage)
Relatively inefficient

24. Hydrogen as a Fuel Source- Electrolysis

25. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Fuel cell
Device that directly converts chemical energy into electricity
Requires hydrogen from a tank and oxygen from the air
Similar to a battery, only the reactants are supplied from outside source

26. Future Applications of Fuel Cells
Vehicles
Not yet commonly available
Hydrogen is not yet readily available as a fuel source
Batteries in cell phones or laptops

27. Energy Consumption Trends and Economics

28. Energy Efficient Technologies
Compact Fluorescent light bulbs
Condensing furnaces
Super-insulated buildings (right)
Energy efficient appliances
Automobiles
Aircraft technology

29. Cogeneration
Production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel

30. Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings

31. Saving Energy at Home