1. STATES OF MATTER REVIEW

2. States of Matter Mass & takes up space No 2 pieces occupy the same space at the same time 4 forms - depends on temperature – Solids – Liquids – Gases – Plasma

3. Solids Definite volume & shape Not enough energy to move – Crystalline – repeating geometric patterns – Noncrystalline – amorphous no true form, thick liquids

4. Liquids Definite volume No definite shape – takes shape of container Particles have enough energy to move – Viscosity – property of how easily liquid flows

5. Gases No definite volume or shape Takes volume & shape of container Particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces holding them together & fill the container

6. Plasma Like a gas Lots of energy Electrically charged, fast moving particles – the sun, space shuttle, lightening

8. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion temperature, motion KE = energy of motion PE = stored energy

9. Kinetic Theory of Matter

10. Thermal Expansion Increase temp, increase energy: particles move faster & further apart increasing the volume –Concrete slabs on bridge

11. Changing States of Matter SolidLiquidGas Melting pt Freezing pt Boiling pt Condensation Sublimation Evaporation

13. Heat of Fusion Energy required for a substance to change from a solid to a liquid Different for every substance No temp Δ until complete –Ice to water 0°C until done –334 kJ/kg for water

14. Heat of Vaporization Energy required for a substance to change from a liquid to a gas Different for every substance No temp Δ until done –Water to steam 100°C –2260kJ/kg for water

15. Freezing Point Depression Decrease the freezing point of water by dissolving particles in it –Salting icy roads & sidewalks Ice melts as freezing pt is lowered –Ice cream makers Ice Cream -3°C, Ice 0°C Salt lowers freezing pt of ice so that ice cream can freeze

16. Boiling Point Elevation Increase in the boiling pt of water by dissolving particles in it Solute particles reduce how easily molecules get to surface to evaporate increasing bpt since water needs more energy

17. Part 2 Behavior of Gases & Fluids

18. Pressure – amount of force per unit area (pascal, Pa) P = F/A Atm. pressure @ sea level 101.3kPa –Pressure decreases w/ elevation: fewer gas particles Gas Laws treat gases as ideal: no volume or attraction btwn molecules

19. Boyles Law If you decrease the volume of a container of gas, the pressure of the gas will increase as long as temperature remains constant Movie: Men of Honor

20. Boyles Law: constant temperature PressureVolume

21. Charles Law Volume of a gas increases as temp increases if pressure remains constant –Absolute Zero lowest possible temperature no movement of particles

22. Charles Law: constant pressure Temp.Volume

23. Fluids Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it – Force = weight… Floats – Force < weight… Sinks – Force > weight… Rises

24. Archimedes’ Principle Bouyant force on an object in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

25. Pascal’s Principle Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid –Ex. pistons, toothpaste –P=F/A

26. Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure on it decreases – Ex. air plane wing

27. Venturi Effect A fluid flows faster when forced through narrow spaces –Ex. windy cities