1. Volcanoes
Chapter 7

2. Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Volcano – weak spot in the crust where a mountain forms when layers of lava and volcanic ash erupt and build up and push through
Magma - less dense than the rock around it so it is very slowly forced upward toward Earth’s surface made up of gases, water molten rock forming stuff
Lava – magma that reaches the earths surface

4. Where Volcanoes Occur?
Volcanic Belts form along boundaries of Earth’s crust, one major is the Pacific Ring of Fire
1. Divergent Boundary – plates moving apart – seafloor spreading
Example: N. Atlantic Ocean. The North American plate is moving away from Eurasia and African plates.
Iceland formed by the separation of these plates at the rift
2. Convergent Boundary – 2 plates collide, rumple up and cause mountains instead of volcano
Juan de Fuca Plate is converging with the N. American plate

5. Convergent Plates (cont)
Magma that is forced upward forms volcanoes of the Cascade Mountains
Pacific Ring of Fire – area around the Pacific Plate where there are earthquakes and volcano’s
Hot Spots – middle of a plate, area’s in Earth’s mantle that are hotter than neighboring areas
Magma forms and rises towards the crust
Example: Hawaiian islands, plates move and form islands when it gets over the hot spot

6. Types of Eruptions – depend on the pressure build up and material
2 factors:
1. Water Vapor and other gases trapped within the magma,
if they escape easily – quiet eruptions
Gas trapped under high pressure eventually escapes – explosive eruptions
2. Magma is either basaltic or granitic
Basaltic magma – contains less silica, is very fluid and produces quiet, non-explosive eruptions magma runs down the side like in Hawaii

7. Granitic magma – thick and contains lots of silica and has a high water content, it gets trapped in vents, causing pressure to build up so when it erupts the gases expand rapidly carrying pieces of lava

8. 3 Forms of Volcanoes
1. Shield Volcano – Quiet eruptions that spread out basaltic lava in broad, flat layers Hawaiian Islands (pg 399)
2. Cinder Cone Volcano – Explosive eruptions that throw lava into the air forms steep sided consolidated volcano ( pg 400) Paricutin
Tephra – various sizes of this lava after it has cooled
Ash – fine
Bombs – large heavy rocks

9. 3. Composite Volcano – formed at convergent plate boundaries above subduction zone, this type of volcano alternates between quiet and explosive tephra layer alternating with a lava layer Mt. St. Helens (pg 400)
Subduction Zone – area where an ocean plate descends into the upper mantle

10. Volcano Features
Magma that cools underground forms igneus rock (most magma does not reach the surface)
Balholith – largest igneous rock bodies, hundreds of km wide and thick Yosemete has exposed one
Dike – magma squeezed into a vertical crack and hardened
Sill – magma squeezed into a horizontal crack
Laccolith – dome of rock
Volcanic Neck – cone of the volcano erodes and leaves the igneous rock Ship Rock New Mexico
Caldera – formed after eruption when the top collapses down into magma chamber Crater Lake

11. Vent – opening in the surface which magma reaches the earths surface through (1000 yrs)
Crater – opening at the top of a volcano’s vent

12. Geothermal Energy from Volcanoes
Geothermal energy – utilizing the heat from magma and converting it to electricity by heating water which produces steam that turns the turbines that run the generators to make electricity (fig 15-5)
Geothermal energy used in 20 countries and US
Hawaii wants to heat by geothermal energy of Kilauea
Many people are against this because some of the rain forest must be cleared for roads, drilling etc, they say it will cut down cultural trees